stl_algo.h

/*
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1994
 * Hewlett-Packard Company
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.  Hewlett-Packard Company makes no
 * representations about the suitability of this software for any
 * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
 *
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1996
 * Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.  Silicon Graphics makes no
 * representations about the suitability of this software for any
 * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
 */

/* NOTE: This is an internal header file, included by other STL headers.
 *   You should not attempt to use it directly.
 */

#ifndef __SGI_STL_INTERNAL_ALGO_H
#define __SGI_STL_INTERNAL_ALGO_H

#include <stl_heap.h>

__STL_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

#if defined(__sgi) && !defined(__GNUC__) && (_MIPS_SIM != _MIPS_SIM_ABI32)
#pragma set woff 1209
#endif

// __median (an extension, not present in the C++ standard).
//__median：两个版本;
template <class _Tp>
inline const _Tp& __median(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b, const _Tp& __c) {
  if (__a < __b)
    if (__b < __c)
      return __b;
    else if (__a < __c)
      return __c;
    else
      return __a;
  else if (__a < __c)
    return __a;
  else if (__b < __c)
    return __c;
  else
    return __b;
}
template<class _Tp>
inline const _Tp& __median(const _Tp& __a,const _Tp& __b,const _Tp& __c)//个人添加；
{
	if(__a<__b)
	   return __b<__c?__b:(__a<__c?__c:__a);
	else
	   return __a<__c?__a:(__b<__c?__c:__b);
}
template<class _Tp>
inline const _Tp& __median(const _Tp& __a,const _Tp& __b,const _Tp& __c,_Compare __comp)//个人添加；
{
	if(__comp(__a,__b))
	     return __comp(__b,__c)?__b:(__comp(__a,__c)?__c:__a);
	else
	     return __comp(__a,__c)?__a:(__comp(__b,__c)?__c:__b);
}

template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
inline const _Tp&
__median(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b, const _Tp& __c, _Compare __comp) {
  if (__comp(__a, __b))
    if (__comp(__b, __c))
      return __b;
    else if (__comp(__a, __c))
      return __c;
    else
      return __a;
  else if (__comp(__a, __c))
    return __a;
  else if (__comp(__b, __c))
    return __c;
  else
    return __b;
}

// for_each.  Apply a function to every element of a range.
//for_each函数中，仿函数__f不能修改相应的值，因为迭代器类型是_InputIter类型；
//本质上就是一个for循环;
template <class _InputIter, class _Function>
_Function for_each(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last, _Function __f) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    __f(*__first);
  return __f;//返回值被忽略;
}

// find and find_if.
template <class _InputIter, class _Tp>
inline _InputIter find(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                       const _Tp& __val,
                       input_iterator_tag)
{
  while (__first != __last && *__first != __val)
    ++__first;
  return __first;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _Predicate>
inline _InputIter find_if(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                          _Predicate __pred,
                          input_iterator_tag)
{
  while (__first != __last && !__pred(*__first))
    ++__first;
  return __first;
}

#ifdef __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION

//下面这个版本的find函数设计思路很好；
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp>
_RandomAccessIter find(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last,
                       const _Tp& __val,
                       random_access_iterator_tag)
{
  typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIter>::difference_type __trip_count
    = (__last - __first) >> 2;

  for ( ; __trip_count > 0 ; --__trip_count) {
    if (*__first == __val) return __first;
    ++__first;

    if (*__first == __val) return __first;
    ++__first;

    if (*__first == __val) return __first;
    ++__first;

    if (*__first == __val) return __first;
    ++__first;
  }

  switch(__last - __first) {
  case 3:
    if (*__first == __val) return __first;
    ++__first;
  case 2:
    if (*__first == __val) return __first;
    ++__first;
  case 1:
    if (*__first == __val) return __first;
    ++__first;
 //case 0:
  default:
    return __last;
  }
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Predicate>
_RandomAccessIter find_if(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last,
                          _Predicate __pred,
                          random_access_iterator_tag)
{
  typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIter>::difference_type __trip_count
    = (__last - __first) >> 2;

  for ( ; __trip_count > 0 ; --__trip_count) {
    if (__pred(*__first)) return __first;
    ++__first;

    if (__pred(*__first)) return __first;
    ++__first;

    if (__pred(*__first)) return __first;
    ++__first;

    if (__pred(*__first)) return __first;
    ++__first;
  }

  switch(__last - __first) {
  case 3:
    if (__pred(*__first)) return __first;
    ++__first;
  case 2:
    if (__pred(*__first)) return __first;
    ++__first;
  case 1:
    if (__pred(*__first)) return __first;
    ++__first;
  //case 0:
  default:
    return __last;
  }
}

#endif /* __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION */

//find与find_if的接口函数；
//版本2与版本1的区别：通过对first!=last的替代，使得循环终止的比较次数减少了接近75%左右;
//通过iterator_category参数进行函数重载，转调具体情形下效率最高的函数;
template <class _InputIter, class _Tp>
inline _InputIter find(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                       const _Tp& __val)
{
  return find(__first, __last, __val, __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first));
}

template <class _InputIter, class _Predicate>
inline _InputIter find_if(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                          _Predicate __pred) {
  return find_if(__first, __last, __pred, __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first));
}

// adjacent_find.
template <class _ForwardIter>
_ForwardIter adjacent_find(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last) {
  if (__first == __last)
    return __last;
  _ForwardIter __next = __first;
  while(++__next != __last&&*__first!=*__next)
      __first=__next;
  if(__next!=__last)return __first;
  return __last;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _BinaryPredicate>
_ForwardIter adjacent_find(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                           _BinaryPredicate __binary_pred) {
  if (__first == __last)
    return __last;
  _ForwardIter __next = __first;
  while(++__next != __last) {
    if (__binary_pred(*__first, *__next))
      return __first;
    __first = __next;
  }
  return __last;
}

// count and count_if.
//一个是通过引用参数来记录结果；一个是直接返回结果；
template <class _InputIter, class _Tp, class _Size>
void count(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last, const _Tp& __value,
           _Size& __n) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    if (*__first == __value)
      ++__n;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _Predicate, class _Size>
void count_if(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last, _Predicate __pred,
              _Size& __n) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    if (__pred(*__first))
      ++__n;
}

#ifdef __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION

template <class _InputIter, class _Tp>
typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type
count(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last, const _Tp& __value) {
  typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type __n = 0;
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    if (*__first == __value)
      ++__n;
  return __n;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _Predicate>
typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type
count_if(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last, _Predicate __pred) {
  typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type __n = 0;
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    if (__pred(*__first))
      ++__n;
  return __n;
}


#endif /* __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION */

// search.

template <class _ForwardIter1, class _ForwardIter2>
_ForwardIter1 search(_ForwardIter1 __first1, _ForwardIter1 __last1,
                     _ForwardIter2 __first2, _ForwardIter2 __last2) 
{
  // Test for empty ranges
  if (__first1 == __last1 || __first2 == __last2)
    return __first1;//如果__first1==__last1，返回__first1或者__last1表示查找失败；
                    //如果__first2==__last2，返回__first1表示查找成功

  // Test for a pattern of length 1;
  _ForwardIter2 __tmp(__first2);
  ++__tmp;
  if (__tmp == __last2)
    return find(__first1, __last1, *__first2);

  // General case;
  _ForwardIter2 __p1, __p;
  __p1 = __first2; 
  ++__p1;
  _ForwardIter1 __current = __first1;

  while (__first1 != __last1) {
    __first1 = find(__first1, __last1, *__first2);
    if (__first1 == __last1)return __last1;
    __p = __p1;
    __current = __first1; 
    if (++__current == __last1)return __last1;

    while (*__current == *__p) {
      if (++__p == __last2)
        return __first1;//表示查找成功
      if (++__current == __last1)
        return __last1;
    }
    ++__first1;
  }
  return __last1;//此时__first1==__last1，表示查找失败
}

template <class _ForwardIter1, class _ForwardIter2, class _BinaryPred>
_ForwardIter1 search(_ForwardIter1 __first1, _ForwardIter1 __last1,
                     _ForwardIter2 __first2, _ForwardIter2 __last2,
                     _BinaryPred  __predicate) 
{
  // Test for empty ranges
  if (__first1 == __last1 || __first2 == __last2)
    return __first1;

  // Test for a pattern of length 1.
  _ForwardIter2 __tmp(__first2);
  ++__tmp;
  if (__tmp == __last2) {
    while (__first1 != __last1 && !__predicate(*__first1, *__first2))//没有相应形式的find_if函数版本
      ++__first1;
    return __first1;    
  }

  // General case.

  _ForwardIter2 __p1, __p;

  __p1 = __first2; ++__p1;

  _ForwardIter1 __current = __first1;

  while (__first1 != __last1) {
    while (__first1 != __last1 && !__predicate(*__first1, *__first2))
      ++__first1;
    if (__first1 == __last1)
      return __last1;

    __p = __p1;
    __current = __first1; 
    if (++__current == __last1) return __last1;

    while (__predicate(*__current, *__p)) {
      if (++__p == __last2)
        return __first1;
      if (++__current == __last1)
        return __last1;
    }
    ++__first1;
  }
  return __last1;
}

// search_n.  Search for __count consecutive copies of __val.

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Integer, class _Tp>
_ForwardIter search_n(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                      _Integer __count, const _Tp& __val) {
  if (__count <= 0)
    return __first;
  
  __first = find(__first, __last, __val);
  while (__first != __last) {
    _Integer __n = __count - 1;
    _ForwardIter __i = __first;
    ++__i;
    while (__i != __last && __n != 0 && *__i == __val) {
      ++__i;
      --__n;
    }
    if (__n == 0)
      return __first;
    else
      __first = find(__i, __last, __val);
  }
  return __last;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Integer, class _Tp, class _BinaryPred>
_ForwardIter search_n(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                      _Integer __count, const _Tp& __val,
                      _BinaryPred __binary_pred) {
  if (__count <= 0)
    return __first;
  else {
    while (__first != __last) {
      if (__binary_pred(*__first, __val))
        break;
      ++__first;
    }
    while (__first != __last) {
      _Integer __n = __count - 1;
      _ForwardIter __i = __first;
      ++__i;
      while (__i != __last && __n != 0 && __binary_pred(*__i, __val)) {
        ++__i;
        --__n;
      }
      if (__n == 0)
        return __first;
      else {
        while (__i != __last) {
          if (__binary_pred(*__i, __val))
            break;
          ++__i;
        }
        __first = __i;//找到下一个满足条件的第一个值
      }
    }
    return __last;
  }
} 

// swap_ranges
template <class _ForwardIter1, class _ForwardIter2>
_ForwardIter2 swap_ranges(_ForwardIter1 __first1, _ForwardIter1 __last1,
                          _ForwardIter2 __first2) {
  for ( ; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
    iter_swap(__first1, __first2);
  return __first2;
}

// transform
//两个版本：一个是一元仿函数参数;一个是二元仿函数参数;
template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter, class _UnaryOperation>
_OutputIter transform(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                      _OutputIter __result, _UnaryOperation __opr) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
    *__result = __opr(*__first);
  return __result;
}
template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter,
          class _BinaryOperation>
_OutputIter transform(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                      _InputIter2 __first2, _OutputIter __result,
                      _BinaryOperation __binary_op) {
  for ( ; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2, ++__result)
    *__result = __binary_op(*__first1, *__first2);
  return __result;
}

// replace, replace_if, replace_copy, replace_copy_if
//_copy版本是参数中多一个_OutputIter迭代器，将结果写入;
//_if版本是将参数中的具体条件用仿函数Predicate代替;
template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp>
void replace(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
             const _Tp& __old_value, const _Tp& __new_value) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    if (*__first == __old_value)
      *__first = __new_value;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Predicate, class _Tp>
void replace_if(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                _Predicate __pred, const _Tp& __new_value) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    if (__pred(*__first))
      *__first = __new_value;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter, class _Tp>
_OutputIter replace_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                         _OutputIter __result,
                         const _Tp& __old_value, const _Tp& __new_value) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
    *__result = *__first == __old_value ? __new_value : *__first;
  return __result;
}

template <class Iterator, class _OutputIter, class _Predicate, class _Tp>
_OutputIter replace_copy_if(Iterator __first, Iterator __last,
                            _OutputIter __result,
                            _Predicate __pred, const _Tp& __new_value) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
    *__result = __pred(*__first) ? __new_value : *__first;
  return __result;
}

// generate and generate_n
template <class _ForwardIter, class _Generator>
void generate(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last, _Generator __gen) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    *__first = __gen();
}

template <class _OutputIter, class _Size, class _Generator>
_OutputIter generate_n(_OutputIter __first, _Size __n, _Generator __gen) {
  for ( ; __n > 0; --__n, ++__first)
    *__first = __gen();
  return __first;
}

// remove, remove_if, remove_copy, remove_copy_if
template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter, class _Tp>
_OutputIter remove_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                        _OutputIter __result, const _Tp& __value) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    if (*__first != __value) {
      *__result = *__first;
      ++__result;
    }
  return __result;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter, class _Predicate>
_OutputIter remove_copy_if(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                           _OutputIter __result, _Predicate __pred) {
  for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
    if (!__pred(*__first)) {
      *__result = *__first;
      ++__result;
    }
  return __result;
}
//remove和remove_if函数的设计巧妙，简洁，漂亮;
template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp>
_ForwardIter remove(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                    const _Tp& __value) {
  __first = find(__first, __last, __value);
  _ForwardIter __i = __first;
  return __first == __last ? __first 
                           : remove_copy(++__i, __last, __first, __value);
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Predicate>
_ForwardIter remove_if(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                       _Predicate __pred) {
  __first = find_if(__first, __last, __pred);
  _ForwardIter __i = __first;
  return __first == __last ? __first 
                           : remove_copy_if(++__i, __last, __first, __pred);
}

// unique and unique_copy
template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter, class _Tp>
_OutputIter __unique_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                          _OutputIter __result, _Tp*) {
  _Tp __value = *__first;//__result为_OutputIter，只能写，不能读，所以通过__value来比较；
  *__result = __value;
  while (++__first != __last)
    if (__value != *__first) {
      __value = *__first;
      *++__result = __value;
    }
  return ++__result;
}
//下面的这个函数封装上面那个函数，以output_iterator_tag为参数；
template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter>
inline _OutputIter __unique_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                                 _OutputIter __result, 
                                 output_iterator_tag) {
  return __unique_copy(__first, __last, __result, __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

//以forward_iterator_tag为重载的参数；
template <class _InputIter, class _ForwardIter>
_ForwardIter __unique_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                           _ForwardIter __result, forward_iterator_tag) {
  *__result = *__first;//省掉了中间变量__value
  while (++__first != __last)
    if (*__result != *__first) *++__result = *__first;
  return ++__result;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter>
inline _OutputIter unique_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                               _OutputIter __result) {
  if (__first == __last) return __result;
  return __unique_copy(__first, __last, __result,
                       __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__result));
}
//带仿函数的版本;
template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter, class _BinaryPredicate,
          class _Tp>
_OutputIter __unique_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                          _OutputIter __result,
                          _BinaryPredicate __binary_pred, _Tp*) {
  _Tp __value = *__first;
  *__result = __value;
  while (++__first != __last)
    if (!__binary_pred(__value, *__first)) {
      __value = *__first;
      *++__result = __value;
    }
  return ++__result;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter, class _BinaryPredicate>
inline _OutputIter __unique_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                                 _OutputIter __result,
                                 _BinaryPredicate __binary_pred,
                                 output_iterator_tag) {
  return __unique_copy(__first, __last, __result, __binary_pred,
                       __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _InputIter, class _ForwardIter, class _BinaryPredicate>
_ForwardIter __unique_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                           _ForwardIter __result, 
                           _BinaryPredicate __binary_pred,
                           forward_iterator_tag) {
  *__result = *__first;
  while (++__first != __last)
    if (!__binary_pred(*__result, *__first)) *++__result = *__first;
  return ++__result;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _OutputIter, class _BinaryPredicate>
inline _OutputIter unique_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                               _OutputIter __result,
                               _BinaryPredicate __binary_pred) {
  if (__first == __last) return __result;
  return __unique_copy(__first, __last, __result, __binary_pred,
                       __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__result));
}

template <class _ForwardIter>
_ForwardIter unique(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last) {
  __first = adjacent_find(__first, __last);
  return unique_copy(__first, __last, __first);
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _BinaryPredicate>
_ForwardIter unique(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                    _BinaryPredicate __binary_pred) {
  __first = adjacent_find(__first, __last, __binary_pred);
  return unique_copy(__first, __last, __first, __binary_pred);
}

// reverse and reverse_copy, and their auxiliary functions

template <class _BidirectionalIter>
void __reverse(_BidirectionalIter __first, _BidirectionalIter __last, 
               bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
  while (true)
    if (__first == __last || __first == --__last)
      return;
    else
      iter_swap(__first++, __last);
      
  //while(__first!=last&&__first!=--__last)iter_swap(__first++,__last);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
void __reverse(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last,
               random_access_iterator_tag) {
  while (__first < __last)
    iter_swap(__first++, --__last);
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter>
inline void reverse(_BidirectionalIter __first, _BidirectionalIter __last) {
  __reverse(__first, __last, __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first));
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _OutputIter>
_OutputIter reverse_copy(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                            _BidirectionalIter __last,
                            _OutputIter __result) {
  while (__first != __last) {
    --__last;
    *__result = *__last;
    ++__result;
  }
  return __result;
}

// rotate and rotate_copy, and their auxiliary functions

//辗转相除法求解最大公约数‘
template <class _EuclideanRingElement>
_EuclideanRingElement __gcd(_EuclideanRingElement __m,
                            _EuclideanRingElement __n)
{
  while (__n != 0) {
    _EuclideanRingElement __t = __m % __n;
    __m = __n;
    __n = __t;
  }
  return __m;
}
//有的元素可能需要多次的移动操作才能被放到正确的位置上
template <class _ForwardIter, class _Distance>
_ForwardIter __rotate(_ForwardIter __first,
                      _ForwardIter __middle,
                      _ForwardIter __last,
                      _Distance*,
                      forward_iterator_tag) {
  if (__first == __middle)
    return __last;
  if (__last  == __middle)
    return __first;

  _ForwardIter __first2 = __middle;
  do {//寻找新的分界点
    swap(*__first++, *__first2++);
    if (__first == __middle)
      __middle = __first2;
  } while (__first2 != __last);

  _ForwardIter __new_middle = __first;

  __first2 = __middle;

  while (__first2 != __last) {//只有当__first==__middle且__first2==__last时，循环才会结束;
    swap (*__first++, *__first2++);
    if (__first == __middle)
      __middle = __first2;
    else if (__first2 == __last)
      __first2 = __middle;
  }

  return __new_middle;
}

//每个元素需要3次操作才能被放到正确的位置上
template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Distance>
_BidirectionalIter __rotate(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                            _BidirectionalIter __middle,
                            _BidirectionalIter __last,
                            _Distance*,
                            bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
  if (__first == __middle)
    return __last;
  if (__last  == __middle)
    return __first;

  __reverse(__first,  __middle, bidirectional_iterator_tag());
  __reverse(__middle, __last,   bidirectional_iterator_tag());


  //为了返回分界线，才将完整的逆转操作分段进行
  while (__first != __middle && __middle != __last)
    swap (*__first++, *--__last);

  if (__first == __middle) {
    __reverse(__middle, __last,   bidirectional_iterator_tag());
    return __last;
  }
  else {
    __reverse(__first,  __middle, bidirectional_iterator_tag());
    return __first;
  }
}

//只需要一次操作即可将一个元素移动到正确的位置上
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Distance, class _Tp>
_RandomAccessIter __rotate(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                           _RandomAccessIter __middle,
                           _RandomAccessIter __last,
                           _Distance *, _Tp *) {

  _Distance __n = __last   - __first;
  _Distance __k = __middle - __first;
  _Distance __l = __n - __k;
  _RandomAccessIter __result = __first + (__last - __middle);

  if (__k == 0)
    return __last;
  else if (__k == __l) {
    swap_ranges(__first, __middle, __middle);
    return __result;
  }

  _Distance __d = __gcd(__n, __k);

  for (_Distance __i = 0; __i < __d; __i++) {//总共__d个循环圈
    _Tp __tmp = *__first;
    _RandomAccessIter __p = __first;

    if (__k < __l) {
      for (_Distance __j = 0; __j < __l/__d; __j++) {
        if (__p > __first + __l) {//判断当前位置上的元素需要从哪个区段来取得;另外，调整__p,使得__p落在前半段;
          *__p = *(__p - __l);
          __p -= __l;
        }

        *__p = *(__p + __k);
        __p += __k;
      }
    }
    else {
      for (_Distance __j = 0; __j < __k/__d - 1; __j ++) {
        if (__p < __last - __k) {
          *__p = *(__p + __k);
          __p += __k;
        }

        *__p = * (__p - __l);
        __p -= __l;
      }
    }

    *__p = __tmp;
    ++__first;
  }

  return __result;
}
//上面那个函数的另外一种写法
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Distance, class _Tp>
_RandomAccessIter __rotate(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                           _RandomAccessIter __middle,
                           _RandomAccessIter __last,
                           _Distance *, _Tp *) {
  _Distance __n = __last   - __first;
  _Distance __k = __middle - __first;
  _Distance __l = __n - __k;
  _RandomAccessIter __result = __first + (__last - __middle);

  if (__k == 0)
    return __last;
  else if (__k == __l) {
    swap_ranges(__first, __middle, __middle);
    return __result;
  }

  _Distance __d = __gcd(__n, __k);
  
  _RandomAccessIter __ptr1,__ptr2,__initial;
  while(__d--){
    __initial=__first+__d;
    T __value=*__initial;
    __ptr1=__initial;
    __ptr2=__initial+__k;
    
    while(__ptr2!=__initial){
    	*__ptr1=*__ptr2;
    	__ptr1=__ptr2;
    	if(__last-__ptr2>__k)
    	    __ptr2+=__k;
    	else
    	    __ptr2=__first+__k-(__last-__ptr2);
    }
    *__ptr1=__value;
  }
  return __result;
}
  
//rotate接口函数
template <class _ForwardIter>
inline _ForwardIter rotate(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __middle,
                           _ForwardIter __last) {
  return __rotate(__first, __middle, __last,
                  __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first),
                  __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first));
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _OutputIter>
_OutputIter rotate_copy(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __middle,
                            _ForwardIter __last, _OutputIter __result) {
  return copy(__first, __middle, copy(__middle, __last, __result));
}

// Return a random number in the range [0, __n).  This function encapsulates
// whether we're using rand (part of the standard C library) or lrand48
// (not standard, but a much better choice whenever it's available).
//seed一般为系统时间，cpu利用率或者实时带宽等;
//没有真正的随机数，所以__random_number产生的是伪随机数;

template <class _Distance>
inline _Distance __random_number(_Distance __n) {
#ifdef __STL_NO_DRAND48
  return rand() % __n;
#else
  return lrand48() % __n;
#endif
}

// random_shuffle
//洗牌算法

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
inline void random_shuffle(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                           _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  if (__first == __last) return;
  for (_RandomAccessIter __i = __first + 1; __i != __last; ++__i)
    iter_swap(__i, __first + __random_number((__i - __first) + 1));
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _RandomNumberGenerator>
void random_shuffle(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last,
                    _RandomNumberGenerator& __rand) {
  if (__first == __last) return;
  for (_RandomAccessIter __i = __first + 1; __i != __last; ++__i)
    iter_swap(__i, __first + __rand((__i - __first) + 1));
}

//random_sample and random_sample_n (extensions, not part of the standard).
//random_sample_n随机产生[__first,__last)之间的__n个数,并且这__n个数是不重复的;
template <class _ForwardIter, class _OutputIter, class _Distance>
_OutputIter random_sample_n(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                            _OutputIter __out, const _Distance __n)
{
  _Distance __remaining = 0;
  distance(__first, __last, __remaining);
  _Distance __m = min(__n, __remaining);

  while (__m > 0) {
    if (__random_number(__remaining) < __m) {
      *__out = *__first;
      ++__out;
      --__m;
    }

    --__remaining;
    ++__first;
  }
  return __out;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _OutputIter, class _Distance,
          class _RandomNumberGenerator>
_OutputIter random_sample_n(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                            _OutputIter __out, const _Distance __n,
                            _RandomNumberGenerator& __rand)
{
  _Distance __remaining = 0;
  distance(__first, __last, __remaining);
  _Distance __m = min(__n, __remaining);

  while (__m > 0) {
    if (__rand(__remaining) < __m) {
      *__out = *__first;
      ++__out;
      --__m;
    }

    --__remaining;
    ++__first;
  }
  return __out;
}

//Random_sample randomly copies a sample of the elements from the range [first, last) 
//into the range [ofirst, olast). Each element in the input range appears at most once
//in the output range, and samples are chosen with uniform probability
template <class _InputIter, class _RandomAccessIter, class _Distance>
_RandomAccessIter __random_sample(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                                  _RandomAccessIter __out,
                                  const _Distance __n)
{
  _Distance __m = 0;
  _Distance __t = __n;
  for ( ; __first != __last && __m < __n; ++__m, ++__first) 
    __out[__m] = *__first;

  while (__first != __last) {
    ++__t;
    _Distance __M = __random_number(__t);
    if (__M < __n)
      __out[__M] = *__first;
    ++__first;
  }

  return __out + __m;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _RandomAccessIter,
          class _RandomNumberGenerator, class _Distance>
_RandomAccessIter __random_sample(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                                  _RandomAccessIter __out,
                                  _RandomNumberGenerator& __rand,
                                  const _Distance __n)
{
  _Distance __m = 0;
  _Distance __t = __n;
  for ( ; __first != __last && __m < __n; ++__m, ++__first)
    __out[__m] = *__first;

  while (__first != __last) {
    ++__t;
    _Distance __M = __rand(__t);
    if (__M < __n)
      __out[__M] = *__first;
    ++__first;
  }

  return __out + __m;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _RandomAccessIter>
inline _RandomAccessIter
random_sample(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
              _RandomAccessIter __out_first, _RandomAccessIter __out_last) 
{
  return __random_sample(__first, __last,
                         __out_first, __out_last - __out_first);
}


template <class _InputIter, class _RandomAccessIter, 
          class _RandomNumberGenerator>
inline _RandomAccessIter
random_sample(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
              _RandomAccessIter __out_first, _RandomAccessIter __out_last,
              _RandomNumberGenerator& __rand) 
{
  return __random_sample(__first, __last,
                         __out_first, __rand,
                         __out_last - __out_first);
}

// partition, stable_partition, and their auxiliary functions
//《算法导论》上的版本:针对前向迭代器;
template <class _ForwardIter, class _Predicate>
_ForwardIter __partition(_ForwardIter __first,
		         _ForwardIter __last,
			 _Predicate   __pred,
			 forward_iterator_tag) {
  if (__first == __last) return __first;

  while (__pred(*__first))
    if (++__first == __last) return __first;

  _ForwardIter __next = __first;

  while (++__next != __last)
    if (__pred(*__next)) {
      swap(*__first, *__next);
      ++__first;
    }

  return __first;
}
//针对双向迭代器;
template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Predicate>
_BidirectionalIter __partition(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                               _BidirectionalIter __last,
			       _Predicate __pred,
			       bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
  while (true) {
    while (true)
      if (__first == __last)
        return __first;
      else if (__pred(*__first))
        ++__first;
      else
        break;
    --__last;
    while (true)
      if (__first == __last)
        return __first;
      else if (!__pred(*__last))
        --__last;
      else
        break;
    iter_swap(__first, __last);
    ++__first;
  }
}
//上面那个函数版本的另外一种简洁写法;
template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Predicate>
_BidirectionalIter __partition(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                               _BidirectionalIter __last,
			       _Predicate __pred,
			       bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
   while(true){
	while(__first!=__last&&__pred(*__first))++__first;
	if(__first==__last)return __first;
	--__last;
	while(__first!=__last&&!__pred(*__last))--__last;
	if(__first==__last)return __first;
	swap_iter(__first,__last);
	++__first;
   }
}

//partition的接口函数
template <class _ForwardIter, class _Predicate>
inline _ForwardIter partition(_ForwardIter __first,
   			      _ForwardIter __last,
			      _Predicate   __pred) {
  return __partition(__first, __last, __pred, __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first));
}

//partition的就地稳定版本:通过转调rotate函数，方法灵活，简洁，美妙;
template <class _ForwardIter, class _Predicate, class _Distance>
_ForwardIter __inplace_stable_partition(_ForwardIter __first,
                                        _ForwardIter __last,
                                        _Predicate __pred, _Distance __len) {
  if (__len == 1)
    return __pred(*__first) ? __last : __first;n
  _ForwardIter __middle = __first;
  advance(__middle, __len / 2);
  return rotate(__inplace_stable_partition(__first, __middle, __pred, 
                                           __len / 2),
                __middle,
                __inplace_stable_partition(__middle, __last, __pred,
                                           __len - __len / 2));
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Pointer, class _Predicate, 
          class _Distance>
_ForwardIter __stable_partition_adaptive(_ForwardIter __first,
                                         _ForwardIter __last,
                                         _Predicate __pred, _Distance __len,
                                         _Pointer __buffer,
                                         _Distance __buffer_size) 
{
  if (__len <= __buffer_size) {//通过缓冲区来实现;
    _ForwardIter __result1 = __first;
    _Pointer __result2 = __buffer;
    for ( ; __first != __last ; ++__first)
      if (__pred(*__first)) {
        *__result1 = *__first;
        ++__result1;
      }
      else {
        *__result2 = *__first;
        ++__result2;
      }
    copy(__buffer, __result2, __result1);
    return __result1;
  }
  else {
    _ForwardIter __middle = __first;
    advance(__middle, __len / 2);
    return rotate(__stable_partition_adaptive(//递归调用，直到可以通过缓冲区来实现为止;
                          __first, __middle, __pred,
                          __len / 2, __buffer, __buffer_size),
                    __middle,
                    __stable_partition_adaptive(
                          __middle, __last, __pred,
                          __len - __len / 2, __buffer, __buffer_size));
  }
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Predicate, class _Tp, class _Distance>
inline _ForwardIter
__stable_partition_aux(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last, 
                       _Predicate __pred, _Tp*, _Distance*)
{
  _Temporary_buffer<_ForwardIter, _Tp> __buf(__first, __last);
  if (__buf.size() > 0)
    return __stable_partition_adaptive(__first, __last, __pred,
                                       _Distance(__buf.requested_size()),
                                       __buf.begin(), __buf.size());
  else
    return __inplace_stable_partition(__first, __last, __pred, 
                                      _Distance(__buf.requested_size()));
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Predicate>
inline _ForwardIter stable_partition(_ForwardIter __first,
                                     _ForwardIter __last, 
                                     _Predicate __pred) {
  if (__first == __last)
    return __first;
  else
    return __stable_partition_aux(__first, __last, __pred,
                                  __VALUE_TYPE(__first),
                                  __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
}

//不考虑[__first,__last)区间内所有元素全为真或者全为假的情况;
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp>
_RandomAccessIter __unguarded_partition(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                                        _RandomAccessIter __last, 
                                        _Tp __pivot) 
{
  while (true) {
    while (*__first < __pivot)//unguarded;
      ++__first;
    --__last;
    while (__pivot < *__last)//unguarded;
      --__last;
    if (!(__first < __last))
      return __first;
    iter_swap(__first, __last);
    ++__first;
  }
}    
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
_RandomAccessIter __unguarded_partition(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                                        _RandomAccessIter __last, 
                                        _Tp __pivot, _Compare __comp) 
{
  while (true) {
    while (__comp(*__first, __pivot))//unguarded;
      ++__first;
    --__last;
    while (__comp(__pivot, *__last))//unguarded;
      --__last;
    if (!(__first < __last))
      return __first;
    iter_swap(__first, __last);
    ++__first;
  }
}

const int __stl_threshold = 16;

// sort() and its auxiliary functions. 
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp>
void __unguarded_linear_insert(_RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp __val) {
  _RandomAccessIter __next = __last;
  --__next;
  while (__val < *__next) {//unguarded;
    *__last = *__next;
    __last = __next;
    --__next;
  }
  *__last = __val;
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
void __unguarded_linear_insert(_RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp __val, 
                               _Compare __comp) {
  _RandomAccessIter __next = __last;
  --__next;  
  while (__comp(__val, *__next)) {//unguarded;
    *__last = *__next;
    __last = __next;
    --__next;
  }
  *__last = __val;
}
//预见性策略;
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp>
inline void __linear_insert(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                            _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*) {
  _Tp __val = *__last;
  if (__val < *__first) {
    copy_backward(__first, __last, __last + 1);
    *__first = __val;
  }
  else
    __unguarded_linear_insert(__last, __val);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
inline void __linear_insert(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                            _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*, _Compare __comp) {
  _Tp __val = *__last;
  if (__comp(__val, *__first)) {
    copy_backward(__first, __last, __last + 1);
    *__first = __val;
  }
  else
    __unguarded_linear_insert(__last, __val, __comp);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
void __insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  if (__first == __last) return; 
  for (_RandomAccessIter __i = __first + 1; __i != __last; ++__i)
    __linear_insert(__first, __i, __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
void __insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                      _RandomAccessIter __last, _Compare __comp) {
  if (__first == __last) return;
  for (_RandomAccessIter __i = __first + 1; __i != __last; ++__i)
    __linear_insert(__first, __i, __VALUE_TYPE(__first), __comp);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp>
void __unguarded_insertion_sort_aux(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                                    _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*) {
  for (_RandomAccessIter __i = __first; __i != __last; ++__i)
    __unguarded_linear_insert(__i, _Tp(*__i));
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
inline void __unguarded_insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                                _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  __unguarded_insertion_sort_aux(__first, __last, __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
void __unguarded_insertion_sort_aux(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                                    _RandomAccessIter __last,
                                    _Tp*, _Compare __comp) {
  for (_RandomAccessIter __i = __first; __i != __last; ++__i)
    __unguarded_linear_insert(__i, _Tp(*__i), __comp);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
inline void __unguarded_insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                                       _RandomAccessIter __last,
                                       _Compare __comp) {
  __unguarded_insertion_sort_aux(__first, __last, __VALUE_TYPE(__first),
                                 __comp);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
void __final_insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                            _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  if (__last - __first > __stl_threshold) {
    __insertion_sort(__first, __first + __stl_threshold);//确保最小值已经被放到了左边界上;
    __unguarded_insertion_sort(__first + __stl_threshold, __last);
  }
  else
    __insertion_sort(__first, __last);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
void __final_insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                            _RandomAccessIter __last, _Compare __comp) {
  if (__last - __first > __stl_threshold) {
    __insertion_sort(__first, __first + __stl_threshold, __comp);
    __unguarded_insertion_sort(__first + __stl_threshold, __last, __comp);
  }
  else
    __insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
}

template <class _Size>
inline _Size __lg(_Size __n) {
  _Size __k;
  for (__k = 0; __n != 1; __n >>= 1) ++__k;
  return __k;
}
//混合排序算法;
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Size>
void __introsort_loop(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                      _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*,
                      _Size __depth_limit)
{
  while (__last - __first > __stl_threshold) {//最小分段阈值;
    if (__depth_limit == 0) {//递归次数严重失衡，调用堆排序，处理快速排序最坏的情况;
      partial_sort(__first, __last, __last);
      return;
    }
    --__depth_limit;
    _RandomAccessIter __cut =
      __unguarded_partition(__first, __last,
                            _Tp(__median(*__first,
                                         *(__first + (__last - __first)/2),
                                         *(__last - 1))));//unguarded版本是结合三点中值法一起使用;
    __introsort_loop(__cut, __last, (_Tp*) 0, __depth_limit);//右半区间是通过递归调用来处理;
    __last = __cut;//左半区间是通过循环来处理的，省掉了接近一半的函数调用的开销;
  }
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Size, class _Compare>
void __introsort_loop(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                      _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*,
                      _Size __depth_limit, _Compare __comp)
{
  while (__last - __first > __stl_threshold) {
    if (__depth_limit == 0) {//递归的次数已经超过了阈值（输入值）;
      partial_sort(__first, __last, __last, __comp);
      return;
    }
    --__depth_limit;//一次循环中有一次递归调用;
    _RandomAccessIter __cut =
      __unguarded_partition(__first, __last,
                            _Tp(__median(*__first,
                                         *(__first + (__last - __first)/2),
                                         *(__last - 1), __comp)),
       __comp);
    __introsort_loop(__cut, __last, (_Tp*) 0, __depth_limit, __comp);
    __last = __cut;
  }
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
inline void sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  if (__first != __last) {
    __introsort_loop(__first, __last,
                     __VALUE_TYPE(__first),
                     __lg(__last - __first) * 2);
    __final_insertion_sort(__first, __last);
  }
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
inline void sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last,
                 _Compare __comp) {
  if (__first != __last) {
    __introsort_loop(__first, __last,
                     __VALUE_TYPE(__first),
                     __lg(__last - __first) * 2,
                     __comp);
    __final_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);//基本有序的情况下，使用_insertion_sort，接近线性时间;
  }                                                 //此时，最小值一定落在前面一个很小的区段内，具体的区间长度为16;
}

// stable_sort() and its auxiliary functions.
//稳定性的排序算法;
template <class _RandomAccessIter>
void __inplace_stable_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                           _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  if (__last - __first < 15) {
    __insertion_sort(__first, __last);
    return;
  }
  _RandomAccessIter __middle = __first + (__last - __first) / 2;
  __inplace_stable_sort(__first, __middle);
  __inplace_stable_sort(__middle, __last);
  __merge_without_buffer(__first, __middle, __last,
                         __middle - __first,
                         __last - __middle);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
void __inplace_stable_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                           _RandomAccessIter __last, _Compare __comp) {
  if (__last - __first < 15) {
    __insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
    return;
  }
  _RandomAccessIter __middle = __first + (__last - __first) / 2;
  __inplace_stable_sort(__first, __middle, __comp);
  __inplace_stable_sort(__middle, __last, __comp);
  __merge_without_buffer(__first, __middle, __last,
                         __middle - __first,
                         __last - __middle,
                         __comp);
}
//使得以[first,first+__two_step)为区间长度分段有序;
template <class _RandomAccessIter1, class _RandomAccessIter2,
          class _Distance>
void __merge_sort_loop(_RandomAccessIter1 __first,
                       _RandomAccessIter1 __last, 
                       _RandomAccessIter2 __result, _Distance __step_size) {
  _Distance __two_step = 2 * __step_size;

  while (__last - __first >= __two_step) {
    __result = merge(__first, __first + __step_size,
                     __first + __step_size, __first + __two_step,
                     __result);
    __first += __two_step;
  }

  __step_size = min(_Distance(__last - __first), __step_size);
  merge(__first, __first + __step_size, __first + __step_size, __last,
        __result);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter1, class _RandomAccessIter2,
          class _Distance, class _Compare>
void __merge_sort_loop(_RandomAccessIter1 __first,
                       _RandomAccessIter1 __last, 
                       _RandomAccessIter2 __result, _Distance __step_size,
                       _Compare __comp) {
  _Distance __two_step = 2 * __step_size;

  while (__last - __first >= __two_step) {
    __result = merge(__first, __first + __step_size,
                     __first + __step_size, __first + __two_step,
                     __result,
                     __comp);
    __first += __two_step;
  }
  __step_size = min(_Distance(__last - __first), __step_size);

  merge(__first, __first + __step_size,
        __first + __step_size, __last,
        __result,
        __comp);
}

const int __stl_chunk_size = 7;
        
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Distance>
void __chunk_insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                            _RandomAccessIter __last, _Distance __chunk_size)
{
  while (__last - __first >= __chunk_size) {
    __insertion_sort(__first, __first + __chunk_size);
    __first += __chunk_size;
  }
  __insertion_sort(__first, __last);
}
//使得整个区间分段有序;
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Distance, class _Compare>
void __chunk_insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                            _RandomAccessIter __last,
                            _Distance __chunk_size, _Compare __comp)
{
  while (__last - __first >= __chunk_size) {
    __insertion_sort(__first, __first + __chunk_size, __comp);
    __first += __chunk_size;
  }
  __insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);//针对剩余的一小部分元素进行排序;
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Pointer, class _Distance>
void __merge_sort_with_buffer(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                              _RandomAccessIter __last,
                              _Pointer __buffer, _Distance*) {
  _Distance __len = __last - __first;
  _Pointer __buffer_last = __buffer + __len;

  _Distance __step_size = __stl_chunk_size;
  __chunk_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __step_size);//以[first,first+__step_size)为区间长度，分段有序;

  while (__step_size < __len) {
    __merge_sort_loop(__first, __last, __buffer, __step_size);
    __step_size *= 2;
    __merge_sort_loop(__buffer, __buffer_last, __first, __step_size);
    __step_size *= 2;
  }
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Pointer, class _Distance,
          class _Compare>
void __merge_sort_with_buffer(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                              _RandomAccessIter __last, _Pointer __buffer,
                              _Distance*, _Compare __comp) {
  _Distance __len = __last - __first;
  _Pointer __buffer_last = __buffer + __len;

  _Distance __step_size = __stl_chunk_size;
  __chunk_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __step_size, __comp);

  while (__step_size < __len) {
    __merge_sort_loop(__first, __last, __buffer, __step_size, __comp);
    __step_size *= 2;
    __merge_sort_loop(__buffer, __buffer_last, __first, __step_size, __comp);
    __step_size *= 2;
  }
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Pointer, class _Distance>
void __stable_sort_adaptive(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                            _RandomAccessIter __last, _Pointer __buffer,
                            _Distance __buffer_size) {
  _Distance __len = (__last - __first + 1) / 2;
  _RandomAccessIter __middle = __first + __len;
  if (__len > __buffer_size) {
    __stable_sort_adaptive(__first, __middle, __buffer, __buffer_size);
    __stable_sort_adaptive(__middle, __last, __buffer, __buffer_size);
  }
  else {
    __merge_sort_with_buffer(__first, __middle, __buffer, (_Distance*)0);
    __merge_sort_with_buffer(__middle, __last, __buffer, (_Distance*)0);
  }
  __merge_adaptive(__first, __middle, __last, _Distance(__middle - __first), 
                   _Distance(__last - __middle), __buffer, __buffer_size);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Pointer, class _Distance, 
          class _Compare>
void __stable_sort_adaptive(_RandomAccessIter __first, 
                            _RandomAccessIter __last, _Pointer __buffer,
                            _Distance __buffer_size, _Compare __comp) {
  _Distance __len = (__last - __first + 1) / 2;
  _RandomAccessIter __middle = __first + __len;
  if (__len > __buffer_size) {
    __stable_sort_adaptive(__first, __middle, __buffer, __buffer_size, 
                           __comp);
    __stable_sort_adaptive(__middle, __last, __buffer, __buffer_size, 
                           __comp);
  }
  else {
    __merge_sort_with_buffer(__first, __middle, __buffer, (_Distance*)0,
                               __comp);
    __merge_sort_with_buffer(__middle, __last, __buffer, (_Distance*)0,
                               __comp);
  }
  __merge_adaptive(__first, __middle, __last, _Distance(__middle - __first), 
                   _Distance(__last - __middle), __buffer, __buffer_size,
                   __comp);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Distance>
inline void __stable_sort_aux(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                              _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*, _Distance*) {
  _Temporary_buffer<_RandomAccessIter, _Tp> buf(__first, __last);
  if (buf.begin() == 0)
    __inplace_stable_sort(__first, __last);
  else 
    __stable_sort_adaptive(__first, __last, buf.begin(),
                           _Distance(buf.size()));
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Distance, class _Compare>
inline void __stable_sort_aux(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                              _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*, _Distance*,
                              _Compare __comp) {
  _Temporary_buffer<_RandomAccessIter, _Tp> buf(__first, __last);
  if (buf.begin() == 0)
    __inplace_stable_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
  else 
    __stable_sort_adaptive(__first, __last, buf.begin(),
                           _Distance(buf.size()),
                           __comp);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
inline void stable_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                        _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  __stable_sort_aux(__first, __last,
                    __VALUE_TYPE(__first),
                    __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
inline void stable_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                        _RandomAccessIter __last, _Compare __comp) {
  __stable_sort_aux(__first, __last,
                    __VALUE_TYPE(__first),
                    __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first), 
                    __comp);
}

// partial_sort, partial_sort_copy, and auxiliary functions.
//堆排序算法;
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp>
void __partial_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __middle,
                    _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*) {
  make_heap(__first, __middle);
  for (_RandomAccessIter __i = __middle; __i < __last; ++__i)//取得最小的(__middle-__first)个数;
    if (*__i < *__first) 
      __pop_heap(__first, __middle, __i, _Tp(*__i),
                 __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
  sort_heap(__first, __middle);//对前(__middle-__first)个数进行堆排序;
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
inline void partial_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                         _RandomAccessIter __middle,
                         _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  __partial_sort(__first, __middle, __last, __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
void __partial_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __middle,
                    _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*, _Compare __comp) {
  make_heap(__first, __middle, __comp);
  for (_RandomAccessIter __i = __middle; __i < __last; ++__i)
    if (__comp(*__i, *__first))
      __pop_heap(__first, __middle, __i, _Tp(*__i), __comp,
                 __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
  sort_heap(__first, __middle, __comp);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
inline void partial_sort(_RandomAccessIter __first,
                         _RandomAccessIter __middle,
                         _RandomAccessIter __last, _Compare __comp) {
  __partial_sort(__first, __middle, __last, __VALUE_TYPE(__first), __comp);
}

template <class _InputIter, class _RandomAccessIter, class _Distance,
          class _Tp>
_RandomAccessIter __partial_sort_copy(_InputIter __first,
                                         _InputIter __last,
                                         _RandomAccessIter __result_first,
                                         _RandomAccessIter __result_last, 
                                         _Distance*, _Tp*) {
  if (__result_first == __result_last) return __result_last;
  _RandomAccessIter __result_real_last = __result_first;
  while(__first != __last && __result_real_last != __result_last) {
    *__result_real_last = *__first;
    ++__result_real_last;
    ++__first;
  }
  make_heap(__result_first, __result_real_last);
  while (__first != __last) {
    if (*__first < *__result_first) 
      __adjust_heap(__result_first, _Distance(0),
                    _Distance(__result_real_last - __result_first),
                    _Tp(*__first));
    ++__first;
  }
  sort_heap(__result_first, __result_real_last);
  return __result_real_last;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _RandomAccessIter>
inline _RandomAccessIter
partial_sort_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                  _RandomAccessIter __result_first,
                  _RandomAccessIter __result_last) {
  return __partial_sort_copy(__first, __last, __result_first, __result_last, 
                             __DISTANCE_TYPE(__result_first),
                             __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _InputIter, class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare,
          class _Distance, class _Tp>
_RandomAccessIter __partial_sort_copy(_InputIter __first,
                                         _InputIter __last,
                                         _RandomAccessIter __result_first,
                                         _RandomAccessIter __result_last,
                                         _Compare __comp, _Distance*, _Tp*) {
  if (__result_first == __result_last) return __result_last;
  _RandomAccessIter __result_real_last = __result_first;
  while(__first != __last && __result_real_last != __result_last) {
    *__result_real_last = *__first;
    ++__result_real_last;
    ++__first;
  }
  make_heap(__result_first, __result_real_last, __comp);
  while (__first != __last) {
    if (__comp(*__first, *__result_first))
      __adjust_heap(__result_first, _Distance(0),
                    _Distance(__result_real_last - __result_first),
                    _Tp(*__first),
                    __comp);
    ++__first;
  }
  sort_heap(__result_first, __result_real_last, __comp);
  return __result_real_last;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
inline _RandomAccessIter
partial_sort_copy(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last,
                  _RandomAccessIter __result_first,
                  _RandomAccessIter __result_last, _Compare __comp) {
  return __partial_sort_copy(__first, __last, __result_first, __result_last,
                             __comp,
                             __DISTANCE_TYPE(__result_first),
                             __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

// nth_element() and its auxiliary functions.  
//求解第n大的元素;
template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp>
void __nth_element(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __nth,
                   _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*) {
  while (__last - __first > 3) {
    _RandomAccessIter __cut =
      __unguarded_partition(__first, __last,
                            _Tp(__median(*__first,
                                         *(__first + (__last - __first)/2),
                                         *(__last - 1))));
    if (__cut <= __nth)
      __first = __cut;
    else 
      __last = __cut;
  }
  __insertion_sort(__first, __last);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
inline void nth_element(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __nth,
                        _RandomAccessIter __last) {
  __nth_element(__first, __nth, __last, __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
void __nth_element(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __nth,
                   _RandomAccessIter __last, _Tp*, _Compare __comp) {
  while (__last - __first > 3) {
    _RandomAccessIter __cut =
      __unguarded_partition(__first, __last,
                            _Tp(__median(*__first,
                                         *(__first + (__last - __first)/2), 
                                         *(__last - 1),
                                         __comp)),
                            __comp);
    if (__cut <= __nth)
      __first = __cut;
    else 
      __last = __cut;
  }
  __insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Compare>
inline void nth_element(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __nth,
                 _RandomAccessIter __last, _Compare __comp) {
  __nth_element(__first, __nth, __last, __VALUE_TYPE(__first), __comp);
}


// Binary search (lower_bound, upper_bound, equal_range, binary_search).
//lower_bound函数寻找区间内第一个不小于__val的位置;
template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Distance>
_ForwardIter __lower_bound(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                           const _Tp& __val, _Distance*) 
{
  _Distance __len = 0;
  distance(__first, __last, __len);
  _Distance __half;
  _ForwardIter __middle;
  
  while (__len > 0) {
    __half = __len >> 1;
    __middle = __first;
    advance(__middle, __half);
    if (*__middle < __val) {
      __first = __middle;
      ++__first;
      __len = __len - __half - 1;
    }
    else
      __len = __half;
  }
  return __first;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp>
inline _ForwardIter lower_bound(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                                   const _Tp& __val) {
  return __lower_bound(__first, __last, __val,
                       __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Distance>
_ForwardIter __lower_bound(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                              const _Tp& __val, _Compare __comp, _Distance*)
{
  _Distance __len = 0;
  distance(__first, __last, __len);
  _Distance __half;
  _ForwardIter __middle;

  while (__len > 0) {
    __half = __len >> 1;
    __middle = __first;
    advance(__middle, __half);
    if (__comp(*__middle, __val)) {
      __first = __middle;
      ++__first;
      __len = __len - __half - 1;
    }
    else
      __len = __half;
  }
  return __first;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
inline _ForwardIter lower_bound(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                                const _Tp& __val, _Compare __comp) {
  return __lower_bound(__first, __last, __val, __comp,
                       __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Distance>
_ForwardIter __upper_bound(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                           const _Tp& __val, _Distance*)
{
  _Distance __len = 0;
  distance(__first, __last, __len);
  _Distance __half;
  _ForwardIter __middle;

  while (__len > 0) {
    __half = __len >> 1;
    __middle = __first;
    advance(__middle, __half);
    if (__val < *__middle)
      __len = __half;
    else {
      __first = __middle;
      ++__first;
      __len = __len - __half - 1;
    }
  }
  return __first;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp>
inline _ForwardIter upper_bound(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                                const _Tp& __val) {
  return __upper_bound(__first, __last, __val,
                       __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Distance>
_ForwardIter __upper_bound(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                           const _Tp& __val, _Compare __comp, _Distance*)
{
  _Distance __len = 0;
  distance(__first, __last, __len);
  _Distance __half;
  _ForwardIter __middle;

  while (__len > 0) {
    __half = __len >> 1;
    __middle = __first;
    advance(__middle, __half);
    if (__comp(__val, *__middle))
      __len = __half;
    else {
      __first = __middle;
      ++__first;
      __len = __len - __half - 1;
    }
  }
  return __first;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
inline _ForwardIter upper_bound(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                                const _Tp& __val, _Compare __comp) {
  return __upper_bound(__first, __last, __val, __comp,
                       __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Distance>
pair<_ForwardIter, _ForwardIter>
__equal_range(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last, const _Tp& __val,
              _Distance*)
{
  _Distance __len = 0;
  distance(__first, __last, __len);
  _Distance __half;
  _ForwardIter __middle, __left, __right;

  while (__len > 0) {
    __half = __len >> 1;
    __middle = __first;
    advance(__middle, __half);
    if (*__middle < __val) {//不是直接调用lower_bound和upper_bound，有效减少了比较次数;
      __first = __middle;
      ++__first;
      __len = __len - __half - 1;
    }
    else if (__val < *__middle)
      __len = __half;
    else {
      __left = lower_bound(__first, __middle, __val);
      advance(__first, __len);
      __right = upper_bound(++__middle, __first, __val);
      return pair<_ForwardIter, _ForwardIter>(__left, __right);
    }
  }
  return pair<_ForwardIter, _ForwardIter>(__first, __first);
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp>
inline pair<_ForwardIter, _ForwardIter>
equal_range(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last, const _Tp& __val) {
  return __equal_range(__first, __last, __val,
                       __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Distance>
pair<_ForwardIter, _ForwardIter>
__equal_range(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last, const _Tp& __val,
              _Compare __comp, _Distance*)
{
  _Distance __len = 0;
  distance(__first, __last, __len);
  _Distance __half;
  _ForwardIter __middle, __left, __right;

  while (__len > 0) {
    __half = __len >> 1;
    __middle = __first;
    advance(__middle, __half);
    if (__comp(*__middle, __val)) {
      __first = __middle;
      ++__first;
      __len = __len - __half - 1;
    }
    else if (__comp(__val, *__middle))
      __len = __half;
    else {
      __left = lower_bound(__first, __middle, __val, __comp);
      advance(__first, __len);
      __right = upper_bound(++__middle, __first, __val, __comp);
      return pair<_ForwardIter, _ForwardIter>(__left, __right);
    }
  }
  return pair<_ForwardIter, _ForwardIter>(__first, __first);
}           

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
inline pair<_ForwardIter, _ForwardIter>
equal_range(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last, const _Tp& __val,
            _Compare __comp) {
  return __equal_range(__first, __last, __val, __comp,
                       __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
} 

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp>
bool binary_search(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                   const _Tp& __val) {
  _ForwardIter __i = lower_bound(__first, __last, __val);
  return __i != __last && !(__val < *__i);
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Tp, class _Compare>
bool binary_search(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                   const _Tp& __val,
                   _Compare __comp) {
  _ForwardIter __i = lower_bound(__first, __last, __val, __comp);
  return __i != __last && !__comp(__val, *__i);
}

// merge, with and without an explicitly supplied comparison function.

template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter>
_OutputIter merge(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                  _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                  _OutputIter __result) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
    if (*__first2 < *__first1) {
      *__result = *__first2;
      ++__first2;
    }
    else {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
    }
    ++__result;
  }
  return copy(__first2, __last2, copy(__first1, __last1, __result));
}

template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter,
          class _Compare>
_OutputIter merge(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                  _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                  _OutputIter __result, _Compare __comp) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
    if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
      *__result = *__first2;
      ++__first2;
    }
    else {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
    }
    ++__result;
  }
  return copy(__first2, __last2, copy(__first1, __last1, __result));
}

// inplace_merge and its auxiliary functions. 
//将区间[__first,middle)与[middle,last)合并;
//时间复杂度为O(N*logN);空间复杂度为O(1);
template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Distance>
void __merge_without_buffer(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                            _BidirectionalIter __middle,
                            _BidirectionalIter __last,
                            _Distance __len1, _Distance __len2) {
  if (__len1 == 0 || __len2 == 0)
    return;
  if (__len1 + __len2 == 2) {
    if (*__middle < *__first)
      iter_swap(__first, __middle);
    return;
  }
  _BidirectionalIter __first_cut = __first;
  _BidirectionalIter __second_cut = __middle;
  _Distance __len11 = 0;
  _Distance __len22 = 0;
  if (__len1 > __len2) {
    __len11 = __len1 / 2;
    advance(__first_cut, __len11);
    __second_cut = lower_bound(__middle, __last, *__first_cut);
    distance(__middle, __second_cut, __len22);
  }
  else {
    __len22 = __len2 / 2;
    advance(__second_cut, __len22);
    __first_cut = upper_bound(__first, __middle, *__second_cut);
    distance(__first, __first_cut, __len11);
  }
  _BidirectionalIter __new_middle
    = rotate(__first_cut, __middle, __second_cut);
  __merge_without_buffer(__first, __first_cut, __new_middle,
                         __len11, __len22);
  __merge_without_buffer(__new_middle, __second_cut, __last, __len1 - __len11,
                         __len2 - __len22);
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Distance, class _Compare>
void __merge_without_buffer(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                            _BidirectionalIter __middle,
                            _BidirectionalIter __last,
                            _Distance __len1, _Distance __len2,
                            _Compare __comp) {
  if (__len1 == 0 || __len2 == 0)
    return;
  if (__len1 + __len2 == 2) {
    if (__comp(*__middle, *__first))
      iter_swap(__first, __middle);
    return;
  }
  _BidirectionalIter __first_cut = __first;
  _BidirectionalIter __second_cut = __middle;
  _Distance __len11 = 0;
  _Distance __len22 = 0;
  if (__len1 > __len2) {
    __len11 = __len1 / 2;
    advance(__first_cut, __len11);
    __second_cut = lower_bound(__middle, __last, *__first_cut, __comp);
    distance(__middle, __second_cut, __len22);
  }
  else {
    __len22 = __len2 / 2;
    advance(__second_cut, __len22);
    __first_cut = upper_bound(__first, __middle, *__second_cut, __comp);
    distance(__first, __first_cut, __len11);
  }
  _BidirectionalIter __new_middle
    = rotate(__first_cut, __middle, __second_cut);
  __merge_without_buffer(__first, __first_cut, __new_middle, __len11, __len22,
                         __comp);
  __merge_without_buffer(__new_middle, __second_cut, __last, __len1 - __len11,
                         __len2 - __len22, __comp);
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter1, class _BidirectionalIter2,
          class _Distance>
_BidirectionalIter1 __rotate_adaptive(_BidirectionalIter1 __first,
                                      _BidirectionalIter1 __middle,
                                      _BidirectionalIter1 __last,
                                      _Distance __len1, _Distance __len2,
                                      _BidirectionalIter2 __buffer,
                                      _Distance __buffer_size) {
  _BidirectionalIter2 __buffer_end;
  if (__len1 > __len2 && __len2 <= __buffer_size) {
    __buffer_end = copy(__middle, __last, __buffer);
    copy_backward(__first, __middle, __last);
    return copy(__buffer, __buffer_end, __first);
  }
  else if (__len1 <= __buffer_size) {
    __buffer_end = copy(__first, __middle, __buffer);
    copy(__middle, __last, __first);
    return copy_backward(__buffer, __buffer_end, __last);
  }
  else
    return rotate(__first, __middle, __last);
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter1, class _BidirectionalIter2,
          class _BidirectionalIter3>
_BidirectionalIter3 __merge_backward(_BidirectionalIter1 __first1,
                                     _BidirectionalIter1 __last1,
                                     _BidirectionalIter2 __first2,
                                     _BidirectionalIter2 __last2,
                                     _BidirectionalIter3 __result) {
  if (__first1 == __last1)
    return copy_backward(__first2, __last2, __result);
  if (__first2 == __last2)
    return copy_backward(__first1, __last1, __result);
  --__last1;
  --__last2;
  while (true) {
    if (*__last2 < *__last1) {
      *--__result = *__last1;
      if (__first1 == __last1)
        return copy_backward(__first2, ++__last2, __result);
      --__last1;
    }
    else {
      *--__result = *__last2;
      if (__first2 == __last2)
        return copy_backward(__first1, ++__last1, __result);
      --__last2;
    }
  }
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter1, class _BidirectionalIter2,
          class _BidirectionalIter3, class _Compare>
_BidirectionalIter3 __merge_backward(_BidirectionalIter1 __first1,
                                     _BidirectionalIter1 __last1,
                                     _BidirectionalIter2 __first2,
                                     _BidirectionalIter2 __last2,
                                     _BidirectionalIter3 __result,
                                     _Compare __comp) {
  if (__first1 == __last1)
    return copy_backward(__first2, __last2, __result);
  if (__first2 == __last2)
    return copy_backward(__first1, __last1, __result);
  --__last1;
  --__last2;
  while (true) {
    if (__comp(*__last2, *__last1)) {
      *--__result = *__last1;
      if (__first1 == __last1)
        return copy_backward(__first2, ++__last2, __result);
      --__last1;
    }
    else {
      *--__result = *__last2;
      if (__first2 == __last2)
        return copy_backward(__first1, ++__last1, __result);
      --__last2;
    }
  }
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Distance, class _Pointer>
void __merge_adaptive(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                      _BidirectionalIter __middle, 
                      _BidirectionalIter __last,
                      _Distance __len1, _Distance __len2,
                      _Pointer __buffer, _Distance __buffer_size) {
  if (__len1 <= __len2 && __len1 <= __buffer_size) {
    _Pointer __buffer_end = copy(__first, __middle, __buffer);
    merge(__buffer, __buffer_end, __middle, __last, __first);
  }
  else if (__len2 <= __buffer_size) {
    _Pointer __buffer_end = copy(__middle, __last, __buffer);
    __merge_backward(__first, __middle, __buffer, __buffer_end, __last);
  }
  else {
    _BidirectionalIter __first_cut = __first;
    _BidirectionalIter __second_cut = __middle;
    _Distance __len11 = 0;
    _Distance __len22 = 0;
    if (__len1 > __len2) {
      __len11 = __len1 / 2;
      advance(__first_cut, __len11);
      __second_cut = lower_bound(__middle, __last, *__first_cut);
      distance(__middle, __second_cut, __len22); 
    }
    else {
      __len22 = __len2 / 2;
      advance(__second_cut, __len22);
      __first_cut = upper_bound(__first, __middle, *__second_cut);
      distance(__first, __first_cut, __len11);
    }
    _BidirectionalIter __new_middle =
      __rotate_adaptive(__first_cut, __middle, __second_cut, __len1 - __len11,
                        __len22, __buffer, __buffer_size);
    __merge_adaptive(__first, __first_cut, __new_middle, __len11,
                     __len22, __buffer, __buffer_size);
    __merge_adaptive(__new_middle, __second_cut, __last, __len1 - __len11,
                     __len2 - __len22, __buffer, __buffer_size);
  }
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Distance, class _Pointer,
          class _Compare>
void __merge_adaptive(_BidirectionalIter __first, 
                      _BidirectionalIter __middle, 
                      _BidirectionalIter __last,
                      _Distance __len1, _Distance __len2,
                      _Pointer __buffer, _Distance __buffer_size,
                      _Compare __comp) {
  if (__len1 <= __len2 && __len1 <= __buffer_size) {
    _Pointer __buffer_end = copy(__first, __middle, __buffer);
    merge(__buffer, __buffer_end, __middle, __last, __first, __comp);
  }
  else if (__len2 <= __buffer_size) {
    _Pointer __buffer_end = copy(__middle, __last, __buffer);
    __merge_backward(__first, __middle, __buffer, __buffer_end, __last,
                     __comp);
  }
  else {
    _BidirectionalIter __first_cut = __first;
    _BidirectionalIter __second_cut = __middle;
    _Distance __len11 = 0;
    _Distance __len22 = 0;
    if (__len1 > __len2) {
      __len11 = __len1 / 2;
      advance(__first_cut, __len11);
      __second_cut = lower_bound(__middle, __last, *__first_cut, __comp);
      distance(__middle, __second_cut, __len22);   
    }
    else {
      __len22 = __len2 / 2;
      advance(__second_cut, __len22);
      __first_cut = upper_bound(__first, __middle, *__second_cut, __comp);
      distance(__first, __first_cut, __len11);
    }
    _BidirectionalIter __new_middle =
      __rotate_adaptive(__first_cut, __middle, __second_cut, __len1 - __len11,
                        __len22, __buffer, __buffer_size);
    __merge_adaptive(__first, __first_cut, __new_middle, __len11,
                     __len22, __buffer, __buffer_size, __comp);
    __merge_adaptive(__new_middle, __second_cut, __last, __len1 - __len11,
                     __len2 - __len22, __buffer, __buffer_size, __comp);
  }
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Tp, class _Distance>
inline void __inplace_merge_aux(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                                _BidirectionalIter __middle,
                                _BidirectionalIter __last, _Tp*, _Distance*) {
  _Distance __len1 = 0;
  distance(__first, __middle, __len1);
  _Distance __len2 = 0;
  distance(__middle, __last, __len2);

  _Temporary_buffer<_BidirectionalIter, _Tp> __buf(__first, __last);
  if (__buf.begin() == 0)
    __merge_without_buffer(__first, __middle, __last, __len1, __len2);
  else
    __merge_adaptive(__first, __middle, __last, __len1, __len2,
                     __buf.begin(), _Distance(__buf.size()));
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Tp, 
          class _Distance, class _Compare>
inline void __inplace_merge_aux(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                                _BidirectionalIter __middle,
                                _BidirectionalIter __last, _Tp*, _Distance*,
                                _Compare __comp) {
  _Distance __len1 = 0;
  distance(__first, __middle, __len1);
  _Distance __len2 = 0;
  distance(__middle, __last, __len2);

  _Temporary_buffer<_BidirectionalIter, _Tp> __buf(__first, __last);
  if (__buf.begin() == 0)
    __merge_without_buffer(__first, __middle, __last, __len1, __len2, __comp);
  else
    __merge_adaptive(__first, __middle, __last, __len1, __len2,
                     __buf.begin(), _Distance(__buf.size()),
                     __comp);
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter>
inline void inplace_merge(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                          _BidirectionalIter __middle,
                          _BidirectionalIter __last) {
  if (__first == __middle || __middle == __last)
    return;
  __inplace_merge_aux(__first, __middle, __last,
                      __VALUE_TYPE(__first), __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first));
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Compare>
inline void inplace_merge(_BidirectionalIter __first,
                          _BidirectionalIter __middle,
                          _BidirectionalIter __last, _Compare __comp) {
  if (__first == __middle || __middle == __last)
    return;
  __inplace_merge_aux(__first, __middle, __last,
                      __VALUE_TYPE(__first), __DISTANCE_TYPE(__first),
                      __comp);
}

// Set algorithms: includes, set_union, set_intersection, set_difference,
// set_symmetric_difference.  All of these algorithms have the precondition
// that their input ranges are sorted and the postcondition that their output
// ranges are sorted.
//includes函数求解的是[__first1,__last1)中是否包含[__first2,__last2);
template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2>
bool includes(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
              _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2)
    if (*__first2 < *__first1)
      return false;
    else if(*__first1 < *__first2) 
      ++__first1;
    else
      ++__first1, ++__first2;

  return __first2 == __last2;
}

template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _Compare>
bool includes(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
              _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2, _Compare __comp) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2)
    if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
      return false;
    else if(__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) 
      ++__first1;
    else
      ++__first1, ++__first2;

  return __first2 == __last2;
}
//求解集合的并集;
template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter>
_OutputIter set_union(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                      _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                      _OutputIter __result) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
    if (*__first1 < *__first2) {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
    }
    else if (*__first2 < *__first1) {
      *__result = *__first2;
      ++__first2;
    }
    else {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
      ++__first2;
    }
    ++__result;
  }
  return copy(__first2, __last2, copy(__first1, __last1, __result));
}

template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter,
          class _Compare>
_OutputIter set_union(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                      _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                      _OutputIter __result, _Compare __comp) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
    if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
    }
    else if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
      *__result = *__first2;
      ++__first2;
    }
    else {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
      ++__first2;
    }
    ++__result;
  }
  return copy(__first2, __last2, copy(__first1, __last1, __result));
}
//求解集合的交集;
template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter>
_OutputIter set_intersection(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                             _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                             _OutputIter __result) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) 
    if (*__first1 < *__first2) 
      ++__first1;
    else if (*__first2 < *__first1) 
      ++__first2;
    else {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
      ++__first2;
      ++__result;
    }
  return __result;
}

template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter,
          class _Compare>
_OutputIter set_intersection(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                             _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                             _OutputIter __result, _Compare __comp) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2)
    if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2))
      ++__first1;
    else if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
      ++__first2;
    else {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
      ++__first2;
      ++__result;
    }
  return __result;
}
//求解集合的差集;
template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter>
_OutputIter set_difference(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                           _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                           _OutputIter __result) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2)
    if (*__first1 < *__first2) {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
      ++__result;
    }
    else if (*__first2 < *__first1)
      ++__first2;
    else {
      ++__first1;
      ++__first2;
    }
  return copy(__first1, __last1, __result);
}

template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter, 
          class _Compare>
_OutputIter set_difference(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                           _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2, 
                           _OutputIter __result, _Compare __comp) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2)
    if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
      ++__result;
    }
    else if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
      ++__first2;
    else {
      ++__first1;
      ++__first2;
    }
  return copy(__first1, __last1, __result);
}
//求解集合的对称差集;
template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter>
_OutputIter 
set_symmetric_difference(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                         _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                         _OutputIter __result) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2)
    if (*__first1 < *__first2) {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
      ++__result;
    }
    else if (*__first2 < *__first1) {
      *__result = *__first2;
      ++__first2;
      ++__result;
    }
    else {
      ++__first1;
      ++__first2;
    }
  return copy(__first2, __last2, copy(__first1, __last1, __result));
}

template <class _InputIter1, class _InputIter2, class _OutputIter,
          class _Compare>
_OutputIter 
set_symmetric_difference(_InputIter1 __first1, _InputIter1 __last1,
                         _InputIter2 __first2, _InputIter2 __last2,
                         _OutputIter __result,
                         _Compare __comp) {
  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2)
    if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
      *__result = *__first1;
      ++__first1;
      ++__result;
    }
    else if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
      *__result = *__first2;
      ++__first2;
      ++__result;
    }
    else {
      ++__first1;
      ++__first2;
    }
  return copy(__first2, __last2, copy(__first1, __last1, __result));
}

// min_element and max_element, with and without an explicitly supplied
// comparison function.
//求解最大值;
template <class _ForwardIter>
_ForwardIter max_element(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last) {
  if (__first == __last) return __first;
  _ForwardIter __result = __first;
  while (++__first != __last) 
    if (*__result < *__first)
      __result = __first;
  return __result;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Compare>
_ForwardIter max_element(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                            _Compare __comp) {
  if (__first == __last) return __first;
  _ForwardIter __result = __first;
  while (++__first != __last) 
    if (__comp(*__result, *__first)) __result = __first;
  return __result;
}
//求解最小值;
template <class _ForwardIter>
_ForwardIter min_element(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last) {
  if (__first == __last) return __first;
  _ForwardIter __result = __first;
  while (++__first != __last) 
    if (*__first < *__result)
      __result = __first;
  return __result;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _Compare>
_ForwardIter min_element(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
                            _Compare __comp) {
  if (__first == __last) return __first;
  _ForwardIter __result = __first;
  while (++__first != __last) 
    if (__comp(*__first, *__result))
      __result = __first;
  return __result;
}

// next_permutation and prev_permutation, with and without an explicitly 
// supplied comparison function.
//求解下一个排列组合;
template <class _BidirectionalIter>
bool next_permutation(_BidirectionalIter __first, _BidirectionalIter __last) {
  if (__first == __last)
    return false;
  _BidirectionalIter __i = __first;
  ++__i;
  if (__i == __last)
    return false;
  __i = __last;
  --__i;

  for(;;) {
    _BidirectionalIter __ii = __i;
    --__i;
    if (*__i < *__ii) {
      _BidirectionalIter __j = __last;
      while (!(*__i < *--__j))
        {}
      iter_swap(__i, __j);
      reverse(__ii, __last);
      return true;
    }
    if (__i == __first) {
      reverse(__first, __last);
      return false;
    }
  }
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Compare>
bool next_permutation(_BidirectionalIter __first, _BidirectionalIter __last,
                      _Compare __comp) {
  if (__first == __last)
    return false;
  _BidirectionalIter __i = __first;
  ++__i;
  if (__i == __last)
    return false;
  __i = __last;
  --__i;

  for(;;) {
    _BidirectionalIter __ii = __i;
    --__i;
    if (__comp(*__i, *__ii)) {
      _BidirectionalIter __j = __last;
      while (!__comp(*__i, *--__j))
        {}
      iter_swap(__i, __j);
      reverse(__ii, __last);
      return true;
    }
    if (__i == __first) {
      reverse(__first, __last);
      return false;
    }
  }
}
//求解上一个排列组合;
template <class _BidirectionalIter>
bool prev_permutation(_BidirectionalIter __first, _BidirectionalIter __last) {
  if (__first == __last)
    return false;
  _BidirectionalIter __i = __first;
  ++__i;
  if (__i == __last)
    return false;
  __i = __last;
  --__i;

  for(;;) {
    _BidirectionalIter __ii = __i;
    --__i;
    if (*__ii < *__i) {
      _BidirectionalIter __j = __last;
      while (!(*--__j < *__i))
        {}
      iter_swap(__i, __j);
      reverse(__ii, __last);
      return true;
    }
    if (__i == __first) {
      reverse(__first, __last);
      return false;
    }
  }
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter, class _Compare>
bool prev_permutation(_BidirectionalIter __first, _BidirectionalIter __last,
                      _Compare __comp) {
  if (__first == __last)
    return false;
  _BidirectionalIter __i = __first;
  ++__i;
  if (__i == __last)
    return false;
  __i = __last;
  --__i;

  for(;;) {
    _BidirectionalIter __ii = __i;
    --__i;
    if (__comp(*__ii, *__i)) {
      _BidirectionalIter __j = __last;
      while (!__comp(*--__j, *__i))
        {}
      iter_swap(__i, __j);
      reverse(__ii, __last);
      return true;
    }
    if (__i == __first) {
      reverse(__first, __last);
      return false;
    }
  }
}

// find_first_of, with and without an explicitly supplied comparison function.
//求解[__first2,__last2)中第一个在[__first1,__last1)中出现的字符所在位置;
template <class _InputIter, class _ForwardIter>
_InputIter find_first_of(_InputIter __first1, _InputIter __last1,
                         _ForwardIter __first2, _ForwardIter __last2)
{
  for ( ; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1) 
    for (_ForwardIter __iter = __first2; __iter != __last2; ++__iter)
      if (*__first1 == *__iter)
        return __first1;
  return __last1;
}

template <class _InputIter, class _ForwardIter, class _BinaryPredicate>
_InputIter find_first_of(_InputIter __first1, _InputIter __last1,
                         _ForwardIter __first2, _ForwardIter __last2,
                         _BinaryPredicate __comp)
{
  for ( ; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1) 
    for (_ForwardIter __iter = __first2; __iter != __last2; ++__iter)
      if (__comp(*__first1, *__iter))
        return __first1;
  return __last1;
}


// find_end, with and without an explicitly supplied comparison function.
// Search [first2, last2) as a subsequence in [first1, last1), and return
// the *last* possible match.  Note that find_end for bidirectional iterators
// is much faster than for forward iterators.

// find_end for forward iterators. 
template <class _ForwardIter1, class _ForwardIter2>
_ForwardIter1 __find_end(_ForwardIter1 __first1, _ForwardIter1 __last1,
                         _ForwardIter2 __first2, _ForwardIter2 __last2,
                         forward_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag)
{
  if (__first2 == __last2)
    return __last1;
  else {
    _ForwardIter1 __result = __last1;
    while (1) {
      _ForwardIter1 __new_result
        = search(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2);
      if (__new_result == __last1)
        return __result;
      else {
        __result = __new_result;
        __first1 = __new_result;
        ++__first1;
      }
    }
  }
}

template <class _ForwardIter1, class _ForwardIter2,
          class _BinaryPredicate>
_ForwardIter1 __find_end(_ForwardIter1 __first1, _ForwardIter1 __last1,
                         _ForwardIter2 __first2, _ForwardIter2 __last2,
                         forward_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag,
                         _BinaryPredicate __comp)
{
  if (__first2 == __last2)
    return __last1;
  else {
    _ForwardIter1 __result = __last1;
    while (1) {
      _ForwardIter1 __new_result
        = search(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __comp);
      if (__new_result == __last1)
        return __result;
      else {
        __result = __new_result;
        __first1 = __new_result;
        ++__first1;
      }
    }
  }
}

// find_end for bidirectional iterators.  Requires partial specialization.
#ifdef __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION

template <class _BidirectionalIter1, class _BidirectionalIter2>
_BidirectionalIter1
__find_end(_BidirectionalIter1 __first1, _BidirectionalIter1 __last1,
           _BidirectionalIter2 __first2, _BidirectionalIter2 __last2,
           bidirectional_iterator_tag, bidirectional_iterator_tag)
{
  typedef reverse_iterator<_BidirectionalIter1> _RevIter1;
  typedef reverse_iterator<_BidirectionalIter2> _RevIter2;

  _RevIter1 __rlast1(__first1);
  _RevIter2 __rlast2(__first2);
  _RevIter1 __rresult = search(_RevIter1(__last1), __rlast1,
                               _RevIter2(__last2), __rlast2);

  if (__rresult == __rlast1)
    return __last1;
  else {
    _BidirectionalIter1 __result = __rresult.base();
    advance(__result, -distance(__first2, __last2));
    return __result;
  }
}

template <class _BidirectionalIter1, class _BidirectionalIter2,
          class _BinaryPredicate>
_BidirectionalIter1
__find_end(_BidirectionalIter1 __first1, _BidirectionalIter1 __last1,
           _BidirectionalIter2 __first2, _BidirectionalIter2 __last2,
           bidirectional_iterator_tag, bidirectional_iterator_tag, 
           _BinaryPredicate __comp)
{
  typedef reverse_iterator<_BidirectionalIter1> _RevIter1;
  typedef reverse_iterator<_BidirectionalIter2> _RevIter2;

  _RevIter1 __rlast1(__first1);
  _RevIter2 __rlast2(__first2);
  _RevIter1 __rresult = search(_RevIter1(__last1), __rlast1,
                               _RevIter2(__last2), __rlast2,
                               __comp);

  if (__rresult == __rlast1)
    return __last1;
  else {
    _BidirectionalIter1 __result = __rresult.base();
    advance(__result, -distance(__first2, __last2));
    return __result;
  }
}
#endif /* __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION */

// Dispatching functions for find_end.

template <class _ForwardIter1, class _ForwardIter2>
inline _ForwardIter1 
find_end(_ForwardIter1 __first1, _ForwardIter1 __last1, 
         _ForwardIter2 __first2, _ForwardIter2 __last2)
{
  return __find_end(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2,
                    __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first1),
                    __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first2));
}

template <class _ForwardIter1, class _ForwardIter2, 
          class _BinaryPredicate>
inline _ForwardIter1 
find_end(_ForwardIter1 __first1, _ForwardIter1 __last1, 
         _ForwardIter2 __first2, _ForwardIter2 __last2,
         _BinaryPredicate __comp)
{
  return __find_end(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2,
                    __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first1),
                    __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__first2),
                    __comp);
}

// is_heap, a predicate testing whether or not a range is
// a heap.  This function is an extension, not part of the C++
// standard.

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Distance>
bool __is_heap(_RandomAccessIter __first, _Distance __n)
{
  _Distance __parent = 0;
  for (_Distance __child = 1; __child < __n; ++__child) {
    if (__first[__parent] < __first[__child]) 
      return false;
    if ((__child & 1) == 0)//判断当前的孩子是不是右孩子
      ++__parent;
  }
  return true;
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _Distance, class _StrictWeakOrdering>
bool __is_heap(_RandomAccessIter __first, _StrictWeakOrdering __comp,
               _Distance __n)
{
  _Distance __parent = 0;
  for (_Distance __child = 1; __child < __n; ++__child) {
    if (__comp(__first[__parent], __first[__child]))
      return false;
    if ((__child & 1) == 0)
      ++__parent;
  }
  return true;
}

template <class _RandomAccessIter>
inline bool is_heap(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last)
{
  return __is_heap(__first, __last - __first);
}


template <class _RandomAccessIter, class _StrictWeakOrdering>
inline bool is_heap(_RandomAccessIter __first, _RandomAccessIter __last,
                    _StrictWeakOrdering __comp)
{
  return __is_heap(__first, __comp, __last - __first);
}

// is_sorted, a predicated testing whether a range is sorted in
// nondescending order.  This is an extension, not part of the C++
// standard.

template <class _ForwardIter>
bool is_sorted(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last)
{
  if (__first == __last)
    return true;

  _ForwardIter __next = __first;
  for (++__next; __next != __last; __first = __next, ++__next) {
    if (*__next < *__first)
      return false;
  }

  return true;
}

template <class _ForwardIter, class _StrictWeakOrdering>
bool is_sorted(_ForwardIter __first, _ForwardIter __last,
               _StrictWeakOrdering __comp)
{
  if (__first == __last)
    return true;

  _ForwardIter __next = __first;
  for (++__next; __next != __last; __first = __next, ++__next) {
    if (__comp(*__next, *__first))
      return false;
  }

  return true;
}

#if defined(__sgi) && !defined(__GNUC__) && (_MIPS_SIM != _MIPS_SIM_ABI32)
#pragma reset woff 1209
#endif

__STL_END_NAMESPACE

#endif /* __SGI_STL_INTERNAL_ALGO_H */

// Local Variables:
// mode:C++
// End: