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Java
About the Tutorial
Java is a high-level programming language originally developed by Sun Microsystems and
released in 1995. Java runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the
various versions of UNIX. This tutorial gives a complete understanding of Java.
This reference will take you through simple and practical approaches while learning Java
Programming language.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to
advanced concepts related to Java Programming language.
Prerequisites
Before you start practicing various types of examples given in this reference, we assume
that you are already aware about computer programs and computer programming
languages.
Execute Java Online
For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a ‘Try it’ option, which you
can use to execute your Java programs at the spot and enjoy your learning.
Try following the example using the ‘Try it’ option available at the top right corner of the
following sample code box −
public class MyFirstJavaProgram {
 public static void main(String []args) {
 System.out.println("Hello World");
 }
}
Java
ii
Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i
Audience........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites..................................................................................................................................................... i
Execute Java Online.......................................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii
JAVA – BASICS ............................................................................................................................. 1
1. Java – Overview........................................................................................................................................2
History of Java .................................................................................................................................................3
Tools You Will Need.........................................................................................................................................3
Try It Option ....................................................................................................................................................4
What is Next? ..................................................................................................................................................4
2. Java - Environment Setup .........................................................................................................................5
Try it Option Online .........................................................................................................................................5
Local Environment Setup.................................................................................................................................5
Popular Java Editors ........................................................................................................................................6
What is Next? ..................................................................................................................................................6
3. Java – Basic Syntax....................................................................................................................................7
First Java Program ...........................................................................................................................................7
Basic Syntax .....................................................................................................................................................8
Java Identifiers.................................................................................................................................................9
Java Modifiers..................................................................................................................................................9
Java Variables..................................................................................................................................................9
Java Arrays.......................................................................................................................................................9
Java Enums....................................................................................................................................................10
Java Keywords ...............................................................................................................................................10
Comments in Java..........................................................................................................................................11
Using Blank Lines...........................................................................................................................................12
Inheritance ....................................................................................................................................................12
Interfaces.......................................................................................................................................................12
What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................12
4. Java – Objects & Classes..........................................................................................................................13
Objects in Java ...............................................................................................................................................13
Classes in Java................................................................................................................................................14
Constructors..................................................................................................................................................14
How to Use Singleton Class? .........................................................................................................................15
Creating an Object.........................................................................................................................................17
Accessing Instance Variables and Methods...................................................................................................18
Source File Declaration Rules........................................................................................................................20
Java Package..................................................................................................................................................20
Import Statements ........................................................................................................................................21
A Simple Case Study ......................................................................................................................................21
What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................23
Java
iii
5. Java – Basic Datatypes............................................................................................................................24
Primitive Datatypes.......................................................................................................................................24
Reference Datatypes.....................................................................................................................................26
Java Literals ...................................................................................................................................................26
What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................28
6. Java – Variable Types..............................................................................................................................29
Local Variables...............................................................................................................................................29
Instance Variables .........................................................................................................................................31
Class/static Variables.....................................................................................................................................33
What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................34
7. Java – Modifier Types .............................................................................................................................35
Java Access Modifiers....................................................................................................................................35
Java Non-Access Modifiers............................................................................................................................38
The Static Modifier........................................................................................................................................38
The Final Modifier .........................................................................................................................................39
The Abstract Modifier....................................................................................................................................41
Access Control Modifiers...............................................................................................................................43
Non-Access Modifiers....................................................................................................................................44
What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................44
8. Java – Basic Operators............................................................................................................................45
The Arithmetic Operators..............................................................................................................................45
The Relational Operators...............................................................................................................................47
The Bitwise Operators...................................................................................................................................49
The Logical Operators....................................................................................................................................52
The Assignment Operators............................................................................................................................53
Miscellaneous Operators...............................................................................................................................57
Precedence of Java Operators.......................................................................................................................59
What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................59
9. Java – Loop Control.................................................................................................................................60
While Loop in Java.........................................................................................................................................61
for Loop in Java..............................................................................................................................................62
Do While Loop in Java ...................................................................................................................................65
Loop Control Statements...............................................................................................................................67
Break Statement in Java ................................................................................................................................67
Continue Statement in Java...........................................................................................................................69
Enhanced for loop in Java..............................................................................................................................70
What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................71
10. Java – Decision Making ...........................................................................................................................72
If Statement in Java .......................................................................................................................................73
If-else Statement in Java................................................................................................................................74
The if...else if...else Statement ......................................................................................................................76
Nested if Statement in Java...........................................................................................................................77
Switch Statement in Java...............................................................................................................................78
The ? : Operator: ...........................................................................................................................................80
What is Next? ................................................................................................................................................81
Java
iv
11. Java – Numbers Class..............................................................................................................................82
Number Methods..........................................................................................................................................83
Java XXXValue Method..................................................................................................................................86
Java – compareTo() Method..........................................................................................................................87
Java – equals() Method .................................................................................................................................88
Java – valueOf() Method ...............................................................................................................................89
Java – toString() Method ...............................................................................................................................91
Java – parseInt() Method...............................................................................................................................92
Java – abs() Method ......................................................................................................................................93
Java – ceil() Method ......................................................................................................................................94
Java – floor() Method ....................................................................................................................................95
Java – rint() Method ......................................................................................................................................96
Java – round() Method ..................................................................................................................................97
Java – min() Method......................................................................................................................................98
Java – max() Method .....................................................................................................................................99
Java – exp() Method ....................................................................................................................................100
Java – log() Method .....................................................................................................................................101
Java – pow() Method...................................................................................................................................102
Java – sqrt() Method....................................................................................................................................103
Java – sin() Method .....................................................................................................................................104
Java – cos() Method.....................................................................................................................................105
Java – tan() Method.....................................................................................................................................106
Java – asin() Method ...................................................................................................................................107
Java – acos() Method...................................................................................................................................108
Java – atan() Method...................................................................................................................................109
Java – atan2() Method.................................................................................................................................110
Java – toDegrees() Method .........................................................................................................................111
Java – toRadians() Method..........................................................................................................................112
Java – random() Method .............................................................................................................................113
What is Next? ..............................................................................................................................................114
12. Java – Character Class...........................................................................................................................115
Escape Sequences........................................................................................................................................115
Character Methods......................................................................................................................................117
Java – isLetter() Method..............................................................................................................................117
Java – isDigit() Method................................................................................................................................118
Java – isWhitespace() Method ....................................................................................................................119
Java – isUpperCase() Method......................................................................................................................120
Java – isLowerCase() Method......................................................................................................................121
Java – toUpperCase() Method.....................................................................................................................122
Java – toLowerCase() Method .....................................................................................................................123
Java – toString() Method .............................................................................................................................124
What is Next? ..............................................................................................................................................125
13. Java – Strings Class................................................................................................................................126
Creating Strings ...........................................................................................................................................126
Java – String Buffer & String Builder Classes...............................................................................................126
StringBuffer Methods..................................................................................................................................127
Java – String Buffer append() Method ........................................................................................................128
Java – String Buffer reverse() Method.........................................................................................................129
Java
v
Java – String Buffer delete() Method ..........................................................................................................130
Java – String Buffer insert() Method ...........................................................................................................131
Java – String Buffer replace() Method.........................................................................................................132
String Length................................................................................................................................................135
Concatenating Strings..................................................................................................................................136
Creating Format Strings...............................................................................................................................136
String Methods............................................................................................................................................137
Java – String chartAt() Method....................................................................................................................142
Java – String compareTo(Object o) Method................................................................................................143
Java – String compareTo(String anotherString) Method.............................................................................144
Java – String compareToIgnoreCase() Method ...........................................................................................145
Java – String concat() Method.....................................................................................................................146
Java – String contentEquals() Method.........................................................................................................147
Java – String copyValueOf(char[] data) Method .........................................................................................148
Java – String copyValueOf(char[] data, int offset, int count) Method.........................................................149
Java – String endsWith() Method ................................................................................................................150
Java – String equals() Method .....................................................................................................................151
Java – String equalsIgnoreCase() Method ...................................................................................................152
Java – String getBytes(String charsetName) Method..................................................................................154
Java – String getBytes() Method..................................................................................................................155
Java – String getChars() Method .................................................................................................................156
Java – String hashCode() Method................................................................................................................157
Java – String indexOf(int ch) Method ..........................................................................................................158
Java – String indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) Method ..................................................................................159
Java – String indexOf(String str) Method ....................................................................................................160
Java – String indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) Method.............................................................................161
Java – String Intern() Method......................................................................................................................162
Java – String lastIndexOf(int ch) Method ....................................................................................................163
Java – String lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) Method ............................................................................164
Java – String lastIndexOf(String str) Method...............................................................................................165
Java – String lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) Method.......................................................................166
Java – String length() Method .....................................................................................................................167
Java – String matches() Method..................................................................................................................168
Java – String regionMatches() Method .......................................................................................................169
Java – String regionMatches() Method .......................................................................................................171
Java – String replace() Method....................................................................................................................173
Java – String replaceAll() Method................................................................................................................174
Java – String replaceFirst() Method.............................................................................................................175
Java – String split() Method.........................................................................................................................176
Java – String split() Method.........................................................................................................................178
Java – String startsWith() Method...............................................................................................................180
Java – String startsWith() Method...............................................................................................................181
Java – String subsequence() Method ..........................................................................................................182
Java – String substring() Method.................................................................................................................183
Java – String substring() Method.................................................................................................................184
Java – String toCharArray() Method............................................................................................................186
Java – String toLowerCase() Method...........................................................................................................187
Java – String toLowerCase() Method...........................................................................................................188
Java – String toString() Method...................................................................................................................189
Java – String toUpperCase() Method...........................................................................................................189
Java
vi
Java – String toUpperCase() Method...........................................................................................................190
Java – String trim() Method.........................................................................................................................191
Java – String valueOf() Method ...................................................................................................................192
14. Java – Arrays.........................................................................................................................................196
Declaring Array Variables ............................................................................................................................196
Creating Arrays............................................................................................................................................196
Processing Arrays ........................................................................................................................................198
The foreach Loops.......................................................................................................................................199
Passing Arrays to Methods..........................................................................................................................199
Returning an Array from a Method.............................................................................................................200
The Arrays Class...........................................................................................................................................200
15. Java – Date & Time ...............................................................................................................................202
Getting Current Date & Time.......................................................................................................................203
Date Comparison.........................................................................................................................................204
Simple DateFormat Format Codes ..............................................................................................................205
Date and Time Conversion Characters........................................................................................................208
Parsing Strings into Dates............................................................................................................................209
Sleeping for a While ....................................................................................................................................210
Measuring Elapsed Time .............................................................................................................................211
GregorianCalendar Class .............................................................................................................................212
16. Java – Regular Expressions....................................................................................................................218
Capturing Groups ........................................................................................................................................218
Regular Expression Syntax...........................................................................................................................220
Methods of the Matcher Class ....................................................................................................................223
17. Java – Methods.....................................................................................................................................230
Creating Method .........................................................................................................................................230
Method Calling ............................................................................................................................................231
The void Keyword........................................................................................................................................232
Passing Parameters by Value.......................................................................................................................233
Method Overloading ...................................................................................................................................235
Using Command-Line Arguments................................................................................................................236
The Constructors.........................................................................................................................................237
Parameterized Constructor .........................................................................................................................238
The this keyword .........................................................................................................................................239
Variable Arguments(var-args) .....................................................................................................................242
The finalize( ) Method .................................................................................................................................243
18. Java – Files and I/O ...............................................................................................................................244
Stream .........................................................................................................................................................244
Standard Streams........................................................................................................................................247
Reading and Writing Files............................................................................................................................248
ByteArrayInputStream.................................................................................................................................250
DataInputStream.........................................................................................................................................253
FileOutputStream........................................................................................................................................255
ByteArrayOutputStream..............................................................................................................................256
DataOutputStream......................................................................................................................................259
File Navigation and I/O................................................................................................................................261
Java
vii
File Class......................................................................................................................................................262
Directories in Java........................................................................................................................................272
Listing Directories........................................................................................................................................273
19. Java – Exceptions..................................................................................................................................275
Exception Hierarchy.....................................................................................................................................276
Built-in Exceptions.......................................................................................................................................277
Exceptions Methods....................................................................................................................................279
Catching Exceptions.....................................................................................................................................280
Multiple Catch Blocks..................................................................................................................................281
Catching Multiple Type of Exceptions.........................................................................................................282
The Throws/Throw Keywords .....................................................................................................................282
The Finally Block ..........................................................................................................................................283
The try-with-resources................................................................................................................................285
User-defined Exceptions..............................................................................................................................287
Common Exceptions....................................................................................................................................290
20. Java – Inner Classes...............................................................................................................................291
Nested Classes.............................................................................................................................................291
Inner Classes (Non-static Nested Classes) ...................................................................................................292
Accessing the Private Members ..................................................................................................................293
Method-local Inner Class.............................................................................................................................294
Anonymous Inner Class...............................................................................................................................295
Anonymous Inner Class as Argument..........................................................................................................296
Static Nested Class.......................................................................................................................................297
JAVA - OBJECT ORIENTED ........................................................................................................ 299
21. Java – Inheritance .................................................................................................................................300
extends Keyword.........................................................................................................................................300
Sample Code................................................................................................................................................300
The super keyword ......................................................................................................................................302
Invoking Superclass Constructor .................................................................................................................305
IS-A Relationship..........................................................................................................................................306
The instanceof Keyword ..............................................................................................................................308
HAS-A relationship.......................................................................................................................................309
Types of Inheritance....................................................................................................................................309
22. Java – Overriding ..................................................................................................................................311
Rules for Method Overriding.......................................................................................................................313
Using the super Keyword ............................................................................................................................314
23. Java – Polymorphism ............................................................................................................................315
Virtual Methods...........................................................................................................................................316
24. Java – Abstraction.................................................................................................................................320
Abstract Class ..............................................................................................................................................320
Inheriting the Abstract Class........................................................................................................................323
Abstract Methods........................................................................................................................................324
Java
viii
25. Java – Encapsulation .............................................................................................................................326
Benefits of Encapsulation ............................................................................................................................328
26. Java – Interfaces ...................................................................................................................................329
Declaring Interfaces.....................................................................................................................................330
Implementing Interfaces .............................................................................................................................330
Extending Interfaces....................................................................................................................................332
Extending Multiple Interfaces .....................................................................................................................333
Tagging Interfaces .......................................................................................................................................333
27. Java – Packages.....................................................................................................................................334
Creating a Package ......................................................................................................................................334
The import Keyword....................................................................................................................................336
The Directory Structure of Packages...........................................................................................................337
Set CLASSPATH System Variable..................................................................................................................339
JAVA – ADVANCED .................................................................................................................. 340
28. Java – Data Structures...........................................................................................................................341
The Enumeration .........................................................................................................................................341
The BitSet ....................................................................................................................................................343
The Vector ...................................................................................................................................................348
The Stack .....................................................................................................................................................355
The Dictionary .............................................................................................................................................358
The Hashtable..............................................................................................................................................362
The Properties.............................................................................................................................................366
29. Java – Collections Framework ...............................................................................................................370
The Collection Interfaces.............................................................................................................................371
The Collection Interface ..............................................................................................................................372
The List Interface .........................................................................................................................................375
The Set Interface .........................................................................................................................................378
The SortedSet Interface...............................................................................................................................380
The Map Interface .......................................................................................................................................382
The Map.Entry Interface..............................................................................................................................384
The SortedMap Interface ............................................................................................................................386
The Enumeration Interface..........................................................................................................................388
The Collection Classes .................................................................................................................................389
The LinkedList Class.....................................................................................................................................391
The ArrayList Class.......................................................................................................................................395
The HashSet Class........................................................................................................................................399
The LinkedHashSet Class .............................................................................................................................402
The TreeSet Class.........................................................................................................................................403
The HashMap Class......................................................................................................................................406
The TreeMap Class ......................................................................................................................................409
The WeakHashMap Class ............................................................................................................................412
The LinkedHashMap Class...........................................................................................................................415
The IdentityHashMap Class.........................................................................................................................418
The Vector Class ..........................................................................................................................................422
The Stack Class ............................................................................................................................................428
Java
ix
The Dictionary Class ....................................................................................................................................430
The Map Interface .......................................................................................................................................431
The Hashtable Class.....................................................................................................................................433
The Properties Class....................................................................................................................................437
The BitSet Class ...........................................................................................................................................440
The Collection Algorithms ...........................................................................................................................445
How to Use an Iterator ? .............................................................................................................................450
How to Use a Comparator ? ........................................................................................................................454
Summary .....................................................................................................................................................456
30. Java – Generics .....................................................................................................................................457
Generic Methods.........................................................................................................................................457
Bounded Type Parameters..........................................................................................................................459
Generic Classes............................................................................................................................................460
31. Java – Serialization................................................................................................................................462
Serializing an Object ....................................................................................................................................463
Deserializing an Object................................................................................................................................464
32. Java – Networking.................................................................................................................................466
URL Processing ............................................................................................................................................466
URL Class Methods......................................................................................................................................467
URLConnections Class Methods..................................................................................................................470
Socket Programming ...................................................................................................................................473
ServerSocket Class Methods .......................................................................................................................474
Socket Class Methods..................................................................................................................................475
InetAddress Class Methods.........................................................................................................................477
Socket Client Example .................................................................................................................................477
Socket Server Example ................................................................................................................................479
33. Java – Sending E-mail............................................................................................................................481
Send a Simple E-mail ...................................................................................................................................481
Send an HTML E-mail...................................................................................................................................483
Send Attachment in E-mail..........................................................................................................................485
User Authentication Part.............................................................................................................................487
34. Java – Multithreading ...........................................................................................................................488
Life Cycle of a Thread ..................................................................................................................................488
Thread Priorities..........................................................................................................................................489
Create a Thread by Implementing a Runnable Interface ............................................................................489
Create a Thread by Extending a Thread Class .............................................................................................491
Thread Methods..........................................................................................................................................494
Major Java Multithreading Concepts ..........................................................................................................499
Thread Synchronization...............................................................................................................................499
Interthread Communication........................................................................................................................504
Thread Deadlock..........................................................................................................................................507
Thread Control.............................................................................................................................................510
35. Java – Applet Basics..............................................................................................................................515
Life Cycle of an Applet.................................................................................................................................515
A "Hello, World" Applet...............................................................................................................................516
Java
x
The Applet Class ..........................................................................................................................................516
Invoking an Applet.......................................................................................................................................517
HTML <applet> Tag......................................................................................................................................517
HTML Attribute Reference ..........................................................................................................................519
HTML Events Reference ..............................................................................................................................521
Getting Applet Parameters..........................................................................................................................526
Specifying Applet Parameters .....................................................................................................................527
Application Conversion to Applets..............................................................................................................527
Event Handling ............................................................................................................................................528
Displaying Images........................................................................................................................................530
Playing Audio...............................................................................................................................................532
36. Java – Documentation Comments.........................................................................................................534
What is Javadoc? .........................................................................................................................................534
The javadoc Tags .........................................................................................................................................535
Java – Basics 
Java
2
Java programming language was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was
initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems'
Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]).
The latest release of the Java Standard Edition is Java SE 8. With the advancement of Java
and its widespread popularity, multiple configurations were built to suit various types of
platforms. For example: J2EE for Enterprise Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications.
The new J2 versions were renamed as Java SE, Java EE, and Java ME respectively. Java
is guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere.
Java is:
 Object Oriented: In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended
since it is based on the Object model.
 Platform Independent: Unlike many other programming languages including C
and C++, when Java is compiled, it is not compiled into platform specific machine,
rather into platform independent byte code. This byte code is distributed over the
web and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being
run on.
 Simple: Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept
of OOP Java, it would be easy to master.
 Secure: With Java's secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free
systems. Authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption.
 Architecture-neutral: Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object
file format, which makes the compiled code executable on many processors, with
the presence of Java runtime system.
 Portable: Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent
aspects of the specification makes Java portable. Compiler in Java is written in
ANSI C with a clean portability boundary, which is a POSIX subset.
 Robust: Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone situations by emphasizing
mainly on compile time error checking and runtime checking.
 Multithreaded: With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs
that can perform many tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the
developers to construct interactive applications that can run smoothly.
 Interpreted: Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine
instructions and is not stored anywhere. The development process is more rapid
and analytical since the linking is an incremental and light-weight process.
 High Performance: With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high
performance.
1. Java – Overview 
Java
3
 Distributed: Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet.
 Dynamic: Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is
designed to adapt to an evolving environment. Java programs can carry extensive
amount of run-time information that can be used to verify and resolve accesses
to objects on run-time.
History of Java
James Gosling initiated Java language project in June 1991 for use in one of his many settop box projects. The language, initially called ‘Oak’ after an oak tree that stood outside
Gosling's office, also went by the name ‘Green’ and ended up later being renamed as Java,
from a list of random words.
Sun released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised Write Once,
Run Anywhere (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms.
On 13 November, 2006, Sun released much of Java as free and open source software
under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
On 8 May, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Java's core code free and opensource, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.
Tools You Will Need
For performing the examples discussed in this tutorial, you will need a Pentium 200-MHz
computer with a minimum of 64 MB of RAM (128 MB of RAM recommended).
You will also need the following softwares:
 Linux 7.1 or Windows xp/7/8 operating system
 Java JDK 8
 Microsoft Notepad or any other text editor
This tutorial will provide the necessary skills to create GUI, networking, and web
applications using Java.
Java
4
Try It Option
We have provided you with an option to compile and execute available code online. Just
click the Try it button avaiable at the top-right corner of the code window to compile and
execute the available code. There are certain examples which cannot be executed online,
so we have skipped those examples.
public class MyFirstJavaProgram {
 public static void main(String []args) {
 System.out.println("Hello World");
 }
}
There may be a case that you do not see the result of the compiled/executed code. In
such case, you can re-try to compile and execute the code using execute button available
in the compilation pop-up window.
What is Next?
The next chapter will guide you to how you can obtain Java and its documentation. Finally,
it instructs you on how to install Java and prepare an environment to develop Java
applications.
Java
5
In this chapter, we will discuss on the different aspects of setting up a congenial
environment for Java.
Try it Option Online
You really do not need to set up your own environment to start learning Java programming
language. Reason is very simple, we already have Java Programming environment setup
online, so that you can compile and execute all the available examples online at the same
time when you are doing your theory work. This gives you confidence in what you are
reading and to check the result with different options. Feel free to modify any example
and execute it online.
Try the following example using Try it option available at the top right corner of the
following sample code box:
public class MyFirstJavaProgram {
 public static void main(String []args) {
 System.out.println("Hello World");
 }
}
For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find the Try it option, which you
can use to execute your programs and enjoy your learning.
Local Environment Setup
If you are still willing to set up your environment for Java programming language, then
this section guides you on how to download and set up Java on your machine. Following
are the steps to set up the environment.
Java SE is freely available from the link Download Java. You can download a version based
on your operating system.
Follow the instructions to download Java and run the .exe to install Java on your machine.
Once you installed Java on your machine, you will need to set environment variables to
point to correct installation directories:
Setting Up the Path for Windows
Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory:
 Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.
 Click the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab.
2. Java - Environment Setup 
Java
6
 Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains the path to the Java
executable. Example, if the path is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then
change your path to read 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32;c:\Program
Files\java\jdk\bin'.
Setting Up the Path for Linux, UNIX, Solaris, FreeBSD
Environment variable PATH should be set to point to where the Java binaries have been
installed. Refer to your shell documentation, if you have trouble doing this.
Example, if you use bash as your shell, then you would add the following line to the end
of your '.bashrc: export PATH=/path/to/java:$PATH'
Popular Java Editors
To write your Java programs, you will need a text editor. There are even more
sophisticated IDEs available in the market. But for now, you can consider one of the
following:
 Notepad: On Windows machine, you can use any simple text editor like Notepad
(Recommended for this tutorial), TextPad.
 Netbeans: A Java IDE that is open-source and free, which can be downloaded
from http://www.netbeans.org/index.html.
 Eclipse: A Java IDE developed by the eclipse open-source community and can be
downloaded from http://www.eclipse.org/.
What is Next?
Next chapter will teach you how to write and run your first Java program and some of the
important basic syntaxes in Java needed for developing applications.
Java
7
When we consider a Java program, it can be defined as a collection of objects that
communicate via invoking each other's methods. Let us now briefly look into what do class,
object, methods, and instance variables mean.
 Object - Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color,
name, breed as well as behavior such as wagging their tail, barking, eating. An
object is an instance of a class.
 Class - A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the
behavior/state that the object of its type supports.
 Methods - A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many methods.
It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated and all the
actions are executed.
 Instance Variables - Each object has its unique set of instance variables. An
object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance variables.
First Java Program
Let us look at a simple code that will print the words Hello World.
public class MyFirstJavaProgram {
 /* This is my first java program.
 * This will print 'Hello World' as the output
 */
 public static void main(String []args) {
 System.out.println("Hello World"); // prints Hello World
 }
}
Let's look at how to save the file, compile, and run the program. Please follow the
subsequent steps:
 Open notepad and add the code as above.
 Save the file as: MyFirstJavaProgram.java.
 Open a command prompt window and go to the directory where you saved the
class. Assume it's C:\.
3. Java – Basic Syntax 
Java
8
 Type 'javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java' and press enter to compile your code. If
there are no errors in your code, the command prompt will take you to the next
line (Assumption : The path variable is set).
 Now, type ' java MyFirstJavaProgram ' to run your program.
 You will be able to see ' Hello World ' printed on the window.
C:\> javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java
C:\> java MyFirstJavaProgram
Hello World
Basic Syntax
About Java programs, it is very important to keep in mind the following points.
 Case Sensitivity - Java is case sensitive, which means
identifier Helloand hello would have different meaning in Java.
 Class Names - For all class names the first letter should be in Upper Case.
If several words are used to form a name of the class, each inner word's first letter
should be in Upper Case.
Example: class MyFirstJavaClass
 Method Names - All method names should start with a Lower Case letter.
If several words are used to form the name of the method, then each inner word's
first letter should be in Upper Case.
Example: public void myMethodName()
 Program File Name - Name of the program file should exactly match the class
name.
When saving the file, you should save it using the class name (Remember Java is
case sensitive) and append '.java' to the end of the name (if the file name and the
class name do not match, your program will not compile).
Example: Assume 'MyFirstJavaProgram' is the class name. Then the file should
be saved as 'MyFirstJavaProgram.java'
 public static void main(String args[]) - Java program processing starts from
the main() method which is a mandatory part of every Java program.
Java
9
Java Identifiers
All Java components require names. Names used for classes, variables, and methods are
called identifiers.
In Java, there are several points to remember about identifiers. They are as follows:
 All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), currency character ($)
or an underscore (_).
 After the first character, identifiers can have any combination of characters.
 A key word cannot be used as an identifier.
 Most importantly, identifiers are case sensitive.
 Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value, __1_value.
 Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary.
Java Modifiers
Like other languages, it is possible to modify classes, methods, etc., by using modifiers.
There are two categories of modifiers:
 Access Modifiers: default, public , protected, private
 Non-access Modifiers: final, abstract, strictfp
We will be looking into more details about modifiers in the next section.
Java Variables
Following are the types of variables in Java:
 Local Variables
 Class Variables (Static Variables)
 Instance Variables (Non-static Variables)
Java Arrays
Arrays are objects that store multiple variables of the same type. However, an array itself
is an object on the heap. We will look into how to declare, construct, and initialize in the
upcoming chapters.
Java
10
Java Enums
Enums were introduced in Java 5.0. Enums restrict a variable to have one of only a few
predefined values. The values in this enumerated list are called enums.
With the use of enums it is possible to reduce the number of bugs in your code.
For example, if we consider an application for a fresh juice shop, it would be possible to
restrict the glass size to small, medium, and large. This would make sure that it would not
allow anyone to order any size other than small, medium, or large.
Example
class FreshJuice {
 enum FreshJuiceSize{ SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE }
 FreshJuiceSize size;
}
public class FreshJuiceTest {
 public static void main(String args[]){
 FreshJuice juice = new FreshJuice();
 juice.size = FreshJuice.FreshJuiceSize.MEDIUM ;
 System.out.println("Size: " + juice.size);
 }
}
The above example will produce the following result:
Size: MEDIUM
Note: Enums can be declared as their own or inside a class. Methods, variables,
constructors can be defined inside enums as well.
Java Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in Java. These reserved words may not be
used as constant or variable or any other identifier names.
abstract assert boolean break
byte case catch char
Java
11
class const continue default
do double else enum
extends final finally float
for goto if implements
import instanceof int interface
long native new package
private protected public return
short static strictfp super
switch synchronized this throw
throws transient try void
volatile while
Comments in Java
Java supports single-line and multi-line comments very similar to C and C++. All
characters available inside any comment are ignored by Java compiler.
public class MyFirstJavaProgram{
 /* This is my first java program.
 * This will print 'Hello World' as the output
 * This is an example of multi-line comments.
 */
 public static void main(String []args){
 // This is an example of single line comment
 /* This is also an example of single line comment. */
 System.out.println("Hello World");
 }
}
Java
12
Using Blank Lines
A line containing only white space, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and
Java totally ignores it.
Inheritance
In Java, classes can be derived from classes. Basically, if you need to create a new class
and here is already a class that has some of the code you require, then it is possible to
derive your new class from the already existing code.
This concept allows you to reuse the fields and methods of the existing class without having
to rewrite the code in a new class. In this scenario, the existing class is called the
superclass and the derived class is called the subclass.
Interfaces
In Java language, an interface can be defined as a contract between objects on how to
communicate with each other. Interfaces play a vital role when it comes to the concept of
inheritance.
An interface defines the methods, a deriving class (subclass) should use. But the
implementation of the methods is totally up to the subclass.
What is Next?
The next section explains about Objects and classes in Java programming. At the end of
the session, you will be able to get a clear picture as to what are objects and what are
classes in Java.
Java
13
Java is an Object-Oriented Language. As a language that has the Object-Oriented feature,
Java supports the following fundamental concepts:
 Polymorphism
 Inheritance
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction
 Classes
 Objects
 Instance
 Method
 Message Parsing
In this chapter, we will look into the concepts - Classes and Objects.
 Object - Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color,
name, breed as well as behaviors – wagging the tail, barking, eating. An object is
an instance of a class.
 Class - A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the
behavior/state that the object of its type support.
Objects in Java
Let us now look deep into what are objects. If we consider the real-world, we can find
many objects around us, cars, dogs, humans, etc. All these objects have a state and a
behavior.
If we consider a dog, then its state is - name, breed, color, and the behavior is - barking,
wagging the tail, running.
If you compare the software object with a real-world object, they have very similar
characteristics.
Software objects also have a state and a behavior. A software object's state is stored in
fields and behavior is shown via methods.
So in software development, methods operate on the internal state of an object and the
object-to-object communication is done via methods.
4. Java – Objects & Classes 
Java
14
Classes in Java
A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are created.
Following is a sample of a class.
public class Dog{
 String breed;
 int ageC
 String color;
 void barking(){
 }

 void hungry(){
 }

 void sleeping(){
 }
}
A class can contain any of the following variable types.
 Local variables: Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are
called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the
method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.
 Instance variables: Instance variables are variables within a class but outside
any method. These variables are initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance
variables can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that
particular class.
 Class variables: Class variables are variables declared within a class, outside any
method, with the static keyword.
A class can have any number of methods to access the value of various kinds of methods.
In the above example, barking(), hungry() and sleeping() are methods.
Following are some of the important topics that need to be discussed when looking into
classes of the Java Language.
Constructors
When discussing about classes, one of the most important sub topic would be constructors.
Every class has a constructor. If we do not explicitly write a constructor for a class, the
Java compiler builds a default constructor for that class.
Java
15
Each time a new object is created, at least one constructor will be invoked. The main rule
of constructors is that they should have the same name as the class. A class can have
more than one constructor.
Following is an example of a constructor:
public class Puppy{
 public Puppy(){
 }
 public Puppy(String name){
 // This constructor has one parameter, name.
 }
}
Java also supports Singleton Classes where you would be able to create only one instance
of a class.
Note: We have two different types of constructors. We are going to discuss constructors
in detail in the subsequent chapters.
How to Use Singleton Class?
The Singleton's purpose is to control object creation, limiting the number of objects to only
one. Since there is only one Singleton instance, any instance fields of a Singleton will occur
only once per class, just like static fields. Singletons often control access to resources,
such as database connections or sockets.
For example, if you have a license for only one connection for your database or your JDBC
driver has trouble with multithreading, the Singleton makes sure that only one connection
is made or that only one thread can access the connection at a time.
Java
16
Implementing Singletons
Example 1
The easiest implementation consists of a private constructor and a field to hold its result,
and a static accessor method with a name like getInstance().
The private field can be assigned from within a static initializer block or, more simply,
using an initializer. The getInstance( ) method (which must be public) then simply returns
this instance −
// File Name: Singleton.java
public class Singleton {
 private static Singleton singleton = new Singleton( );

 /* A private Constructor prevents any other
 * class from instantiating.
 */
 private Singleton(){ }

 /* Static 'instance' method */
 public static Singleton getInstance( ) {
 return singleton;
 }
 /* Other methods protected by singleton-ness */
 protected static void demoMethod( ) {
 System.out.println("demoMethod for singleton");
 }
}
Here is the main program file, where we will create a singleton object:
// File Name: SingletonDemo.java
public class SingletonDemo {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 Singleton tmp = Singleton.getInstance( );
 tmp.demoMethod( );
 }
}
Java
17
This will produce the following result −
demoMethod for singleton
Example 2
Following implementation shows a classic Singleton design pattern:
public class ClassicSingleton {
 private static ClassicSingleton instance = null;
 private ClassicSingleton() {
 // Exists only to defeat instantiation.
 }
 public static ClassicSingleton getInstance() {
 if(instance == null) {
 instance = new ClassicSingleton();
 }
 return instance;
 } }
The ClassicSingleton class maintains a static reference to the lone singleton instance and
returns that reference from the static getInstance() method.
Here, ClassicSingleton class employs a technique known as lazy instantiation to create the
singleton; as a result, the singleton instance is not created until the getInstance() method
is called for the first time. This technique ensures that singleton instances are created only
when needed.
Creating an Object
As mentioned previously, a class provides the blueprints for objects. So basically, an object
is created from a class. In Java, the new keyword is used to create new objects.
There are three steps when creating an object from a class:
 Declaration: A variable declaration with a variable name with an object type.
 Instantiation: The 'new' keyword is used to create the object.
 Initialization: The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor. This call
initializes the new object.
Java
18
Following is an example of creating an object:
public class Puppy{
 public Puppy(String name){
 // This constructor has one parameter, name.
 System.out.println("Passed Name is :" + name );
 }

 public static void main(String []args){
 // Following statement would create an object myPuppy
 Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tommy" );
 }
}
If we compile and run the above program, then it will produce the following result:
Passed Name is :tommy
AccessingInstance Variables and Methods
Instance variables and methods are accessed via created objects. To access an instance
variable, following is the fully qualified path:
/* First create an object */
ObjectReference = new Constructor();
/* Now call a variable as follows */
ObjectReference.variableName;
/* Now you can call a class method as follows */
ObjectReference.MethodName();
Java
19
Example
This example explains how to access instance variables and methods of a class.
public class Puppy{

 int puppyAge;
 public Puppy(String name){
 // This constructor has one parameter, name.
 System.out.println("Name chosen is :" + name );
 }

 public void setAge( int age ){
 puppyAge = age;
 }
 public int getAge( ){
 System.out.println("Puppy's age is :" + puppyAge );
 return puppyAge;
 }

 public static void main(String []args){
 /* Object creation */
 Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tommy" );
 /* Call class method to set puppy's age */
 myPuppy.setAge( 2 );
 /* Call another class method to get puppy's age */
 myPuppy.getAge( );
 /* You can access instance variable as follows as well */
 System.out.println("Variable Value :" + myPuppy.puppyAge );
 }
}
Java
20
If we compile and run the above program, then it will produce the following result:
Name chosen is :tommy
Puppy's age is :2
Variable Value :2
Source File Declaration Rules
As the last part of this section, let's now look into the source file declaration rules. These
rules are essential when declaring classes, import statements and package statements in
a source file.
 There can be only one public class per source file.
 A source file can have multiple non-public classes.
 The public class name should be the name of the source file as well which should
be appended by .java at the end. For example: the class name is public class
Employee{} then the source file should be as Employee.java.
 If the class is defined inside a package, then the package statement should be the
first statement in the source file.
 If import statements are present, then they must be written between the package
statement and the class declaration. If there are no package statements, then the
import statement should be the first line in the source file.
 Import and package statements will imply to all the classes present in the source
file. It is not possible to declare different import and/or package statements to
different classes in the source file.
Classes have several access levels and there are different types of classes; abstract
classes, final classes, etc. We will be explaining about all these in the access modifiers
chapter.
Apart from the above mentioned types of classes, Java also has some special classes called
Inner classes and Anonymous classes.
Java
21
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