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<h1><a href="/and/">i . like tight pants . net</a></h1>
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<h4 class="author" property="dc:created" content="2012-02-02T12:33:26">February 2, 2012</h4>
<h4 class="author">by <span property="dc:creator">tellyou</span></h4>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<h4>Other articles by tellyou</h4>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/and/hybrid-publishing-back-to-the-future-publishing-theses-at-the-kabk">Hybrid Publishing Back To The Future Publishing Theses at the KABK</a></dt>
<dd>May 10, 2018 10:07 AM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/the-underwater-screen-or-lessons-from-wordperfect">The Underwater Screen Or Lessons From Wordperfect </a></dt>
<dd>June 10, 2014 6:21 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/graphic-design-is-a-nostalgic-field"> Graphic Design Is A Nostalgic Field </a></dt>
<dd>February 19, 2014 7:02 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/release-early-release-often-version-numbers-for-typefaces">Release Early Release Often Version Numbers For Typefaces</a></dt>
<dd>September 25, 2013 7:53 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/the-story-of-nokia-microsoft-and-a-1000-hearts-breaking">The Story of Nokia, Microsoft and a 1000 Hearts Breaking</a></dt>
<dd>September 4, 2013 8:02 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/etherpad-or-the-textarea-is-a-lonely-place">Etherpad Or The Textarea Is A Lonely Place</a></dt>
<dd>April 22, 2013 7:59 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/how-it-has-come-about-that-code-hosting-site-github-offers-visualisations-of-typeface-development">How it Has Come About That Code Hosting Site Github Offers Visualisations of Typeface Development</a></dt>
<dd>August 4, 2012 7:28 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/figuring-out-fontforge-pythons-representation-of-postscript-curves">Figuring Out Fontforge-Python’s Representation of Postscript Curves</a></dt>
<dd>June 3, 2012 3:06 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/my-favourite-wikipedia-user-user-rama">My Favourite Wikipedia User User:Rama</a></dt>
<dd>February 23, 2012 10:43 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/installing-compilers">Installing compilers</a></dt>
<dd>December 1, 2011 2:13 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/we-like-tight-pants-and-mathematics">We like tight pants and mathematics</a></dt>
<dd>November 23, 2011 9:27 AM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/the-voice-of-the-shell">The voice of the shell</a></dt>
<dd>October 26, 2011 7:20 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/learning-how-to-program">Learning how to program</a></dt>
<dd>August 11, 2011 9:04 AM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/honest-artist-statements">Honest artist statements</a></dt>
<dd>July 9, 2010 4:15 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/juxtapositions">Juxtapositions</a></dt>
<dd>March 14, 2010 8:32 PM</dd>
<dt><a href="/and/heroes">Heroes</a></dt>
<dd>March 8, 2010 7:06 PM</dd>
</dl>
<h4>tellyou’s comments</h4>
<ul>
<li>Hey Silvio, thanks for your comment. Coincidentally, Ned’s comment higher ... <a href="/and/hackers-culture-and-the-fear-of-wysiwyg#comment-319" title="full comment on: Hacker Culture and the Fear of WYSIWYG">read more</a></li>
<li>There is weird paradox here: When learning programming with Python, ... <a href="/and/48-hours-of-writing-stylesheets-with-etherpad-and-a-gong#comment-265" title="full comment on: 48 Hours of Writing Stylesheets with Etherpad and a Gong">read more</a></li>
<li>There is weird paradox here: When learning programming with Python, ... <a href="/and/48-hours-of-writing-stylesheets-with-etherpad-and-a-gong#comment-264" title="full comment on: 48 Hours of Writing Stylesheets with Etherpad and a Gong">read more</a></li>
<li>What do you do with that script? Where does it ... <a href="/and/48-hours-of-writing-stylesheets-with-etherpad-and-a-gong#comment-262" title="full comment on: 48 Hours of Writing Stylesheets with Etherpad and a Gong">read more</a></li>
<li>For the webfonts, ufo2otf will automatically perform a number of ... <a href="/and/ufo2otf-makes-otfs-webfonts-and-css-from-ufo#comment-260" title="full comment on: ufo2otf Makes OTF’s, Webfonts and CSS From UFO’s">read more</a></li>
<li>Isn’t one of the reasons for the small number of ... <a href="/and/no-one-starts-from-scratch-type-design-and-the-logic-of-the-fork#comment-249" title="full comment on: No-one Starts From Scratch: Type Design and the Logic of the Fork">read more</a></li>
<li>I like how Martin Majoor and Ben Archer use the ... <a href="/and/no-one-starts-from-scratch-type-design-and-the-logic-of-the-fork#comment-246" title="full comment on: No-one Starts From Scratch: Type Design and the Logic of the Fork">read more</a></li>
<li>You are on the trolly side of life today, bnf <a href="/and/i-need-my-generic-font-medicine#comment-244" title="full comment on: I Need My Generic Font Medicine">read more</a></li>
<li>And how did you make the video? <a href="/and/48-hours-of-writing-stylesheets-with-etherpad-and-a-gong#comment-224" title="full comment on: 48 Hours of Writing Stylesheets with Etherpad and a Gong">read more</a></li>
<li>So if you were all writing these styles on an ... <a href="/and/48-hours-of-writing-stylesheets-with-etherpad-and-a-gong#comment-222" title="full comment on: 48 Hours of Writing Stylesheets with Etherpad and a Gong">read more</a></li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h4>Other writers</h4>
<ul>
<li>glit</li>
<li>jenseits</li>
<li>habitus</li>
<li>tellyou</li>
<li>baseline</li>
<li>bnf</li>
</ul>
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<a href="/and/the-thinking-body">Previous</a>
/ <a href="/and/hybrid-publishing-back-to-the-future-publishing-theses-at-the-kabk">Next</a>
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<div class="article grid_3 alpha omega suffix_2">
<h4 property="mt:entry_title">Making unix programs</h4>
<article property="mt:entry_id" content="42" class="entry" id="entry-42">
<p><a href="http://i.liketightpants.net/and/assets/called/serious_as_inverse_steve.jpg">
<img src="http://i.liketightpants.net/and/assets/scaled/to/490/wide/and/called/serious_as_inverse_steve.jpg" style="width:490px;height:490px;" />
</a></p>
<p class="byline">photo by <a href="http://www.johannieuwenhuize.nl/">Johan Nieuwenhuize</a></p>
<p>It is really easy to add your own commands to Unix. Even a small script you write can be used in the same way as other unix commands. (Which is actually the reason Unix is a mess sometimes, because everybody went in and added their own commands.)</p>
<p>The reason it is so straightforward to create Unix programs is that you do not have to program or design a graphic user interface: everything runs from the terminal. This is part of programmer culture: <a href="/and/absolute-beginners-unix-for-art-students-part-1">like glit argues</a>, if you want to stay up to date with new exciting developments, you need to know how to run things from the terminal, because programmers are usually not going to take the time to create a graphical user interface for their latest experiments. Instead, they, will distribute it as a unix script.</p>
<h3>The interface</h3>
<p>Instead of letting the user manipulate buttons and text boxes, a unix program accepts arguments and options on the command line. Unix programs can also specify what to do with the text passed in by other programs via pipelines (standard input). And what almost every program does: they can output text to the terminal (standard output).</p>
</article>
<h4 class="comments-header">6 Comments</h4>
<div id="comments" class="comments">
<div class="comments-content">
<div property="mt:comment_id" content="117" id="comment-117" resource="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-117" class="comment">
<div class="comment-editor" property="mt:comment_text">
<p>Unix has been conceived in a modular fashion: even the most basic unix commands are really simple unix programs, that exist indecent of the other commands. For example, if you run:</p>
<pre>which cd</pre>
<p>You will find that <code>cd</code> is a program that lives in <code>/usr/bin/cd</code>.</p>
</div>
<p class="byline" >
<img src="/and/assets/that/are/pictures/of/author/bnf.png" width="18" height="18" />
by <a property="dc:creator" href="http://i.liketightpants.net/authors#bnf">bnf</a> - <a href="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-117"><span property="dc:created" content="2012-02-02T12:43:56">February 2, 2012 12:43 PM</span></a><br />
<a title="Reply" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="mtReplyCommentOnClick(117, 'bnf')">Reply</a>
</p>
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<div property="mt:comment_id" content="118" id="comment-118" resource="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-118" class="comment">
<div class="comment-editor" property="mt:comment_text">
<p>Because of the modular nature and straightforward interface, it is easy to add commands to Unix with even the most basic of programming tools. This is Unix strength and it’s weakness. Unix has been able to grow organically, with different people adding different commands over time. This has made it versatile and comprehensive. Simultaneously, Unix is hugely inconsistent in naming commands, and commands often behave differently from each other in hard to predict ways. Also, newcomers are faced with the ballast of history: the name of the <code>less</code> program, that lets you page through the contents of a file, only makes sense if you know that its predecessor was called <code>more</code>.</p>
</div>
<p class="byline" >
<img src="/and/assets/that/are/pictures/of/author/tellyou.png" width="18" height="18" />
by <a property="dc:creator" href="http://i.liketightpants.net/authors#tellyou">tellyou</a> - <a href="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-118"><span property="dc:created" content="2012-02-02T12:45:52">February 2, 2012 12:45 PM</span></a><br />
<a title="Reply" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="mtReplyCommentOnClick(118, 'tellyou')">Reply</a>
</p>
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<div property="mt:comment_id" content="119" id="comment-119" resource="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-119" class="comment">
<div class="comment-editor" property="mt:comment_text">
<p>But as a an example, to turn the series of commands from <a href="/and/absolute-beginners-unix-for-art-students-part-3">our previous post</a> first into a script and then into a unix command, this is what we do. First we make a file called jenny.sh with the following contents:</p>
<pre>#!/usr/bin/bash
curl "http://twitter.com/statuses/user_timeline/jennyholzer.json?count=1" | sed 's/.*"text":"\(.*\)"}]/\1/g' > jennytweet-tmp.txt
pango-view -q -o jennytweet-laidout-tmp.ps --font "Futura 36" -w 400 jennytweet.txt
poster -s 4.4 jennytweet-laidout-tmp.ps
# remove temporary files:
rm jennytweet-tmp.txt jennytweet-laidout-tmp.ps
</pre>
<p>This will print out the postscript of the resulting poster to the output, and then remove the needed intermediate files (the <code>rm</code> command removes files<span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">—</span>you should take care with this one!). We can run it with the shell program, that interprets shell commands:</p>
<pre>sh jenny.sh</pre>
<p>(Of course, in most cases you would want to redirect the output to a postscript file: </p><pre>sh jenny.sh > jennytodayposter.ps</pre>.)<p></p>
<p>We can also make script executable, that is we give it the rights to be a program</p>
<pre>chmod +x jenny.sh</pre>
<p>Actually, we don’t need the .sh extension: the script starts with <code>#!/bin/bash</code> which is there to let the shell understand that the script should be run by the shell. Python scripts that you want to run should similarly start with <code>#!/usr/bin/env python</code>, to let them be run by the python interpreter. Lets rename:</p>
<pre>mv jenny.sh jenny</pre>
<p>Now we can run the script directly:</p>
<pre>./jenny</pre>
<p>Notice that we need to specify that the program is located in the current folder (<code>./</code>). When running programs, unix behaves a little different than with other files. It doesn’t automatically look in the current folder for the program, like it does for documents. Since the unix system commands themselves are programs stored on your computer, if unix would automatically use the programs in the current folder, it would be very easy to override default programs such as <code>cd</code> and <code>pwd</code> and <code>ls</code>, messing in this way with the expected behavior of the system.</p>
<p>Rather, when you don’t specify the location of the program, unix looks in a number of pre-specified locations, like the <code>/usr/bin</code> folder where we found our <code>cd</code> command, or the <code>/usr/local/bin</code> folder where Homebrew places programs. If you want to turn your script into a command accessible from any folder, you should put it in such a folder:</p>
<pre>mv jenny /usr/local/bin</pre>
<p>We can now run the script from anywhere simply as</p>
<pre>jenny</pre>
</div>
<p class="byline" >
<img src="/and/assets/that/are/pictures/of/author/bnf.png" width="18" height="18" />
by <a property="dc:creator" href="http://i.liketightpants.net/authors#bnf">bnf</a> - <a href="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-119"><span property="dc:created" content="2012-02-02T12:50:06">February 2, 2012 12:50 PM</span></a><br />
<a title="Reply" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="mtReplyCommentOnClick(119, 'bnf')">Reply</a>
</p>
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<div property="mt:comment_id" content="120" id="comment-120" resource="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-120" class="comment">
<div class="comment-editor" property="mt:comment_text">
<p>And just like that, you have added a command to Unix. In practice to write little scripts and programs that work in the terminal, using scripts with shell commands is not always the easiest. Most of the time it is more straightforward to use a general purpose programming language like Python. That is what bnf uses for, for example, his <a href="/and/vector-pixels">vector pixels</a> script.</p>
</div>
<p class="byline" >
<img src="/and/assets/that/are/pictures/of/author/tellyou.png" width="18" height="18" />
by <a property="dc:creator" href="http://i.liketightpants.net/authors#tellyou">tellyou</a> - <a href="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-120"><span property="dc:created" content="2012-02-02T12:51:00">February 2, 2012 12:51 PM</span></a><br />
<a title="Reply" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="mtReplyCommentOnClick(120, 'tellyou')">Reply</a>
</p>
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<div property="mt:comment_id" content="121" id="comment-121" resource="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-121" class="comment">
<div class="comment-editor" property="mt:comment_text">
<p>
Alternatively you could just keep the script local and add it as a command by adding an alias statement to your .bashrc such as:
alias jenny /home/erik/tools/jenny.sh
This way you don't accidentally forget to backup your diy tools when you reinstall your system or even need brew to create user writable bin paths.
</p>
</div>
<p class="byline" >
by <a property="dc:creator" href="http://www.rolfvandam.nl">Rolf van Dam</a> - <a href="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-121"><span property="dc:created" content="2012-02-03T16:10:19">February 3, 2012 4:10 PM</span></a><br />
<a title="Reply" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="mtReplyCommentOnClick(121, 'Rolf van Dam')">Reply</a>
</p>
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<div class="comments-parent-container" style="margin-left: 20px;">
<div property="mt:comment_id" content="133" id="comment-133" resource="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-133" class="comment comment-reply">
<div class="comment-editor" property="mt:comment_text">
<p>
If you don’t want to add aliases for each script, you can also add your own folder to the <em>path</em>, the list of folders unix searches for executables. Instead of a file called .bashrc, I use a file called <code>.profile</code>. I put this in my home folder. I add to it the line:
</p><pre>export PATH=~/bin:$PATH</pre><p>
I make a folder called <code>bin</code> inside my home folder, and all the scripts I put in here are automatically recognised.
The first time you do this, you may need to run:
</p><pre>source ~/.profile</pre><p>
Afterwards, it will load automatically when you login.
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<img src="/and/assets/that/are/pictures/of/author/bnf.png" width="18" height="18" />
by <a property="dc:creator" href="http://i.liketightpants.net/authors#bnf">bnf</a> - <a href="/and/making-unix-programs#comment-133"><span property="dc:created" content="2012-02-08T21:21:28">February 8, 2012 9:21 PM</span></a><br />
<a title="Reply" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="mtReplyCommentOnClick(133, 'bnf')">Reply</a>
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