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Lesson1.html
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<div class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top" role="navigation">
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<li>
<a href="index.html">Home</a>
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<li>
<a href="Lesson1.html">Lesson 1</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="Lesson2.html">Lesson 2</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="Lesson3.html">Lesson 3</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="Lesson4.html">Lesson 4</a>
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<a href="Lesson5.html">Lesson 5</a>
</li>
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<a href="Lesson6.html">Lesson 6</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="Lesson7.html">Lesson 7</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="Lesson8.html">Lesson 8</a>
</li>
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<a href="Lesson9.html">Lesson 9</a>
</li>
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<a href="Lesson10.html">Lesson 10</a>
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<li><a id="rmd-show-all-code" href="#">Show All Code</a></li>
<li><a id="rmd-hide-all-code" href="#">Hide All Code</a></li>
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<li><a id="rmd-download-source" href="#">Download Rmd</a></li>
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<p><br />
<!-- install packages --></p>
<!-- ____________________________________________________________________________ -->
<!-- ____________________________________________________________________________ -->
<!-- ____________________________________________________________________________ -->
<!-- start body -->
<div id="lesson-1-intro-to-plotting-data-in-r-with-ggplot" class="section level1">
<h1>Lesson 1: Intro to plotting data in R with <code>ggplot</code></h1>
<p> </p>
<p>Functions for Lesson 1<br />
<code>?</code>, <code>str</code>, <code>glimpse</code>, <code>summary</code>, <code>table</code>, <code>min</code>, <code>max</code>, <code>ggplot</code>, <code>geom_point</code>, <code>geom_smooth</code>, <code>theme_minimal</code>, <code>theme_classic</code>, <code>theme_tufte</code><br />
</p>
<p>Packages for Lesson 1<br />
<code>tidyverse</code>, <code>ggplot2</code>, <code>dplyr</code><br />
</p>
</div>
<div id="agenda" class="section level1">
<h1>Agenda</h1>
<p><a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html">Data visualisation in <code>R</code> for Data Science, Section 3.1.1</a>.</p>
<!-- end yaml template------------------------------------------------------- -->
<ul>
<li>Intro to the <code>R</code>environment (IDE)<br />
</li>
<li>Loading packages, e.g. <code>tidyverse</code><br />
</li>
<li>Using built-in <code>R</code> data: the <code>mpg</code> dataset<br />
</li>
<li>Using ggplot with the built-in data set (to make scatterplots)<br />
</li>
<li>Modifying plot aesthetics<br />
</li>
<li>Reading in outside data: Airbnb data<br />
</li>
<li>Plotting Airbnb data with ggplot</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div id="intro-to-the-r-environment-ide" class="section level1">
<h1>Intro to the <code>R</code> environment (IDE)</h1>
<p>The <code>RStudio</code> integrated development environment (IDE) and what you can do with it.<br />
</p>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<div align="center">
<p><img src="img/rstudio1.jpg" style=width:100%></p>
</div>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<p> </p>
<p>A more complete example of what you can acheive with the interface.<br />
</p>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<div align="center">
<p><img src="img/rstudio2.jpg" style=width:100%></p>
</div>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<p> </p>
</div>
<div id="loading-packages-e.g.-tidyverse" class="section level1">
<h1>Loading packages, e.g. <code>tidyverse</code></h1>
<p>How to load packages in <code>R</code>.</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">install.packages</span>(<span class="st">"tidyverse"</span>) <span class="co"># install package</span>
<span class="kw">library</span>(tidyverse) <span class="co"># load the package library</span>
<span class="kw">require</span>(tidyverse) <span class="co"># same as library </span>
<span class="co"># We are typing in an R Script. Things with # in front make them comments and notes to ourselves</span>
<span class="co"># Command Return to execute the line/ 'run the code'</span></code></pre></div>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div id="using-built-in-r-data-the-mpg-dataset" class="section level1">
<h1>Using built-in <code>R</code> data: the <code>mpg</code> dataset</h1>
<p><a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#the-mpg-data-frame">Section 3.2.1</a></p>
<p>We'll use a built-in tidyverse dataset called <code>mpg</code> with data about cars and gas-mileage.</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r">mpg
<span class="co"># run help page with '?'</span>
<span class="st">`</span><span class="dt">?</span><span class="st">`</span>(mpg)</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>This is a tibble (data frame) that we've "printed" out. It's like R's version of an excel spreadsheet, but much better.</li>
<li>A tibble will show us the first 10 rows, rows containing the data, column names, and the class of data within each column, such as numeric, integer, or character.</li>
</ul>
<div id="summarising-data" class="section level2">
<h2>Summarising data</h2>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">str</span>(mpg) <span class="co"># structure of data</span>
<span class="kw">glimpse</span>(mpg) <span class="co"># preview of data </span>
<span class="kw">summary</span>(mpg) <span class="co"># basic summary stats </span>
<span class="kw">table</span>(mpg<span class="op">$</span>manufacturer) <span class="co"># counts of each column</span>
<span class="kw">head</span>(mpg) <span class="co"># visualise first 6 rows of data</span>
<span class="kw">tail</span>(mpg, <span class="dv">10</span>) <span class="co"># visualise last 10 (or N) rows of data </span>
<span class="kw">names</span>(mpg) <span class="co"># get column names</span>
<span class="kw">class</span>(mpg) <span class="co"># class of data frame</span>
<span class="kw">class</span>(mpg<span class="op">$</span>manufacturer) <span class="co"># class of data column</span>
mpg<span class="op">$</span>displ <span class="co"># print a column</span>
mpg<span class="op">$</span>hwy <span class="co"># print a column</span></code></pre></div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="creating-a-plot-with-ggplot" class="section level1">
<h1>Creating a plot with <code>ggplot</code></h1>
<p><a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#creating-a-ggplot">Section 3.2.2</a></p>
<ul>
<li><code>ggplot()</code> Creates a coordinate system for us--basically an empty graph.<br />
</li>
<li><code>geom_point()</code> Adds a "layer", e.g. geom_point (but there are many for different kinds of graphs).</li>
</ul>
<p>Plot two of the data columns</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> mpg) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy))</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>Changing the data column inputs for the <strong>x</strong> and <strong>y</strong> axis of the plot</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> mpg) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> class, <span class="dt">y =</span> drv))</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>Assign data to variables to create dynamic inputs</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r">my_data <-<span class="st"> </span>mpg <span class="co"># create own variable using a name of your choice </span>
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy))</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<div id="themes" class="section level2">
<h2>Themes</h2>
<p>Change plot style. Link for more <a href="https://www.datanovia.com/en/blog/ggplot-themes-gallery/">ggplot themes</a>.</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">require</span>(ggthemes)
<span class="co"># classic theme</span>
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">theme_minimal</span>()</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" width="672" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># minimal theme</span>
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">theme_tufte</span>()</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-2.png" width="672" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># assign theme to variable</span>
my_theme <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">theme_classic</span>()
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme <span class="co"># apply your chosen theme </span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-3.png" width="672" /> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="aesthetic-mapping" class="section level1">
<h1>Aesthetic mapping</h1>
<p><a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#aesthetic-mappings">Section 3.3</a></p>
<p><code>colour</code>. Change the colour of the data points. <code>size</code>. Change the size of the data points.<br />
<code>alpha</code>. Change the transparency of the data points.</p>
<div id="colour" class="section level2">
<h2>Colour</h2>
<p>Colour by colour name.</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy), <span class="dt">colour =</span> <span class="st">"light blue"</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-8-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>Colour by a <a href="https://htmlcolorcodes.com/color-picker/">hex code</a> in quotes.</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy), <span class="dt">colour =</span> <span class="st">"#BB5C42"</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>colour by data column</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy, <span class="dt">colour =</span> class)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>Inside versus outside the <code>aes</code></p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy, <span class="dt">colour =</span> <span class="st">"blue"</span>)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-11-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
</div>
<div id="size" class="section level2">
<h2>Size</h2>
<p>Size by integer</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy, <span class="dt">size =</span> <span class="dv">5</span>)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-12-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>Size by data column</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy, <span class="dt">size =</span> class)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-13-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>We get a warning, but this is okay.<br />
</p>
</div>
<div id="transparency" class="section level2">
<h2>Transparency</h2>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># map classe column to different transparencies</span>
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy, <span class="dt">alpha =</span> class)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-14-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
</div>
<div id="shape" class="section level2">
<h2>Shape</h2>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy, <span class="dt">shape =</span> class)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-15-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>Any warnings? Yes, because shape maxes out at six levels. </p>
</div>
<div id="manually-changing-aesthetic-properties" class="section level2">
<h2>Manually changing aesthetic properties</h2>
<p>But we can <em>set</em> the aesthetic properties manually, instead of having ggplot do the scaling automatically. For example, we can make our ggplot points all blue like this. This time, putting colour OUTSIDE the <code>aes</code> argument.</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy), <span class="dt">colour =</span> <span class="st">"blue"</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p>Using colour both inside and outside the aes</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy, <span class="dt">colour =</span> class), <span class="dt">colour =</span> <span class="st">"#AE42BB"</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>
<span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-17-1.png" width="672" /> </p>
<p><strong>The inner one is overridden.</strong><br />
</p>
<p>Putting it all together as a snapshot of what's possible</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> my_data) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> displ, <span class="dt">y =</span> hwy, <span class="dt">colour =</span> class, <span class="dt">size =</span> class, <span class="dt">alpha =</span> class)) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>
<span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-18-1.png" width="672" /></p>
</div>
<div id="aesthetics-you-can-manually-set" class="section level2">
<h2>Aesthetics you can manually set</h2>
<ul>
<li>The name of a colour as a character string.</li>
<li>The size of a point in mm.</li>
<li>The shape of a point as a number, as shown in Figure 3.1.</li>
</ul>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<div align="center">
<p><img src="img/shapes.png" style=width:100%></p>
</div>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<p> </p>
<p><code>R</code> has 25 built in shapes that are identified by numbers. There are some seeming duplicates: for example, 0, 15, and 22 are all squares. The difference comes from the interaction of the <code>colour</code> and <code>fill</code> aesthetics. The hollow shapes (0--14) have a border determined by <code>colour</code>; the solid shapes (15--18) are filled with <code>colour</code>; the filled shapes (21--24) have a border of <code>colour</code> and are filled with <code>fill</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="further-plotting-examples" class="section level1">
<h1>Further plotting examples</h1>
<p><a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#exercises-1">Section 3.3.1</a></p>
<p>The online reference contains further examples of how to visualise your data.</p>
</div>
<div id="reading-in-outside-data-nyc-airbnb-data" class="section level1">
<h1>Reading in outside data: NYC Airbnb data</h1>
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 x 74
id listing_url scrape_id last_scraped name description neighborhood_ov… picture_url host_id
<dbl> <chr> <dbl> <date> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
1 2595 https://www… 2.02e13 2021-04-09 Skyli… "Beautiful,… Centrally locat… https://a0… 2845
2 3831 https://www… 2.02e13 2021-04-12 Whole… "Enjoy 500 … Just the right … https://a0… 4869
3 5121 https://www… 2.02e13 2021-04-09 Bliss… "<b>The spa… <NA> https://a0… 7356
4 5136 https://www… 2.02e13 2021-04-10 Spaci… "We welcome… <NA> https://a0… 7378
5 5178 https://www… 2.02e13 2021-04-12 Large… "Please don… Theater distric… https://a0… 8967
6 5203 https://www… 2.02e13 2021-04-09 Cozy … "Our best g… Our neighborhoo… https://a0… 7490
# … with 65 more variables: host_url <chr>, host_name <chr>, host_since <date>,
# host_location <chr>, host_about <chr>, host_response_time <chr>, host_response_rate <chr>,
# host_acceptance_rate <chr>, host_is_superhost <lgl>, host_thumbnail_url <chr>,
# host_picture_url <chr>, host_neighbourhood <chr>, host_listings_count <dbl>,
# host_total_listings_count <dbl>, host_verifications <chr>, host_has_profile_pic <lgl>,
# host_identity_verified <lgl>, neighbourhood <chr>, neighbourhood_cleansed <chr>,
# neighbourhood_group_cleansed <chr>, latitude <dbl>, longitude <dbl>, property_type <chr>,
# room_type <chr>, accommodates <dbl>, bathrooms <lgl>, bathrooms_text <chr>, bedrooms <dbl>,
# beds <dbl>, amenities <chr>, price <chr>, minimum_nights <dbl>, maximum_nights <dbl>,
# minimum_minimum_nights <dbl>, maximum_minimum_nights <dbl>, minimum_maximum_nights <dbl>,
# maximum_maximum_nights <dbl>, minimum_nights_avg_ntm <dbl>, maximum_nights_avg_ntm <dbl>,
# calendar_updated <lgl>, has_availability <lgl>, availability_30 <dbl>, availability_60 <dbl>,
# availability_90 <dbl>, availability_365 <dbl>, calendar_last_scraped <date>,
# number_of_reviews <dbl>, number_of_reviews_ltm <dbl>, number_of_reviews_l30d <dbl>,
# first_review <date>, last_review <date>, review_scores_rating <dbl>,
# review_scores_accuracy <dbl>, review_scores_cleanliness <dbl>, review_scores_checkin <dbl>,
# review_scores_communication <dbl>, review_scores_location <dbl>, review_scores_value <dbl>,
# license <lgl>, instant_bookable <lgl>, calculated_host_listings_count <dbl>,
# calculated_host_listings_count_entire_homes <dbl>,
# calculated_host_listings_count_private_rooms <dbl>,
# calculated_host_listings_count_shared_rooms <dbl>, reviews_per_month <dbl></code></pre>
<p> </p>
<p>Using a smaller dataset</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># smaller csv file (16 cols)</span>
url <-<span class="st"> "http://data.insideairbnb.com/united-states/ny/new-york-city/2021-04-07/data/listings.csv.gz"</span>
nyc <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">read_csv</span>(url)
nyc <-<span class="st"> </span>nyc[nyc<span class="op">$</span>id <span class="op"><</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="dv">20000</span>, ] <span class="co"># get smaller subet of data</span>
<span class="kw">length</span>(nyc<span class="op">$</span>id) <span class="co"># print length of 'id' column</span>
<span class="kw">head</span>(nyc)</code></pre></div>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div id="plotting-airbnb-data-with-ggplot" class="section level1">
<h1>Plotting AirBnB data with ggplot</h1>
<p>Using the above plotting functions to visualise the AirBnB data</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># plot neighborhood_group vs price</span>
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> nyc) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> neighbourhood_group_cleansed, <span class="dt">y =</span> price, <span class="dt">colour =</span> neighbourhood_group_cleansed),
<span class="dt">shape =</span> <span class="dv">21</span>, <span class="dt">stroke =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-21-1.png" width="672" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># plot minimum_nights vs price</span>
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> nyc) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> minimum_nights, <span class="dt">y =</span> price, <span class="dt">colour =</span> neighbourhood_group_cleansed),
<span class="dt">shape =</span> <span class="dv">20</span>, <span class="dt">size =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dt">stroke =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-22-1.png" width="672" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># availability_365 vs price</span>
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> nyc) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> availability_<span class="dv">365</span>, <span class="dt">y =</span> price, <span class="dt">colour =</span> neighbourhood_group_cleansed),
<span class="dt">shape =</span> <span class="dv">21</span>, <span class="dt">stroke =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-23-1.png" width="672" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># plot longitude vs price</span>
<span class="kw">ggplot</span>(<span class="dt">data =</span> nyc) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">geom_point</span>(<span class="dt">mapping =</span> <span class="kw">aes</span>(<span class="dt">x =</span> longitude, <span class="dt">y =</span> price, <span class="dt">colour =</span> neighbourhood_group_cleansed),
<span class="dt">shape =</span> <span class="dv">21</span>, <span class="dt">stroke =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>) <span class="op">+</span><span class="st"> </span>my_theme</code></pre></div>
<p><img src="Lesson1_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-24-1.png" width="672" /></p>
<p>Try your own plot using the other variables in the dataset</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># plot neighborhood_group vs price</span>
<span class="kw">names</span>(airbnb)
<span class="kw">glimpse</span>(airbnb)
my_data <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="ot">NULL</span>
x <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="ot">NULL</span>
y <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="ot">NULL</span>
colour <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="ot">NULL</span>
shape <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="ot">NULL</span>
stroke <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="ot">NULL</span></code></pre></div>
<!-- end body -->
<!-- ____________________________________________________________________________ -->
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</div>
<div id="rmd-source-code">---
params:
  lesson: "Lesson 1"
  title: "Intro to plotting data in R with `ggplot`"
  bookchapter_name: "Section 3.1.1"    
  bookchapter_section: "https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html"
  functions: "`?`, `str`, `glimpse`, `summary`, `table`, `min`, `max`, `ggplot`, `geom_point`, `geom_smooth`, `theme_minimal`, `theme_classic`, `theme_tufte`"
  packages: "`tidyverse`, `ggplot2`, `dplyr`"      
  # end inputs ---------------------------------------------------------------
header-includes: \usepackage{float}
always_allow_html: yes
output:
  html_document:
    code_folding: show
    code_download: true
---
  
```{r, setup, echo = FALSE, cache = FALSE, include = FALSE}
options(width=100)
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  eval = FALSE, # run all code
  echo = TRUE, # show code chunks in output 
  tidy = TRUE, # make output as tidy
  message = FALSE,  # mask all messages
  warning = FALSE, # mask all warnings 
  comment = "",
  tidy.opts=list(width.cutoff=100), # set width of code chunks in output
  size="small" # set code chunk size
  )
```
\

<!-- install packages -->
```{r, load packages, eval=T, include=T, cache=F, message=F, warning=F, results='hide',echo=F}
packages <- c("ggplot2","ggthemes","dplyr","tidyverse","zoo","RColorBrewer","viridis","plyr")   
if (require(packages)) {
    install.packages(packages,dependencies = T)
    require(packages)
    # load tvthemes
    # devtools::install_github("Ryo-N7/tvthemes")
}
lapply(packages,library,character.only=T)  
```

<!-- ____________________________________________________________________________ -->
<!-- ____________________________________________________________________________ -->
<!-- ____________________________________________________________________________ -->
<!-- start body -->

# `r paste0(params$lesson,": ",params$title)`    
\  

Functions for `r params$lesson`  
`r params$functions`    
\    

Packages for `r params$lesson`          
`r params$packages`        
\    

# Agenda  

[Data visualisation in `R` for Data Science, `r params$bookchapter_name`](`r params$bookchapter_section`).    

<!--  end yaml template------------------------------------------------------- -->

* Intro to the `R`environment (IDE)  
* Loading packages, e.g. `tidyverse`  
* Using built-in `R` data: the `mpg` dataset   
* Using ggplot with the built-in data set (to make scatterplots)    
* Modifying plot aesthetics  
* Reading in outside data: Airbnb data  
* Plotting Airbnb data with ggplot      

\  

# Intro to the `R` environment (IDE)  

The `RStudio` integrated development environment (IDE) and what you can do with it.  
\    

<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<div align="center">
  <img src="img/rstudio1.jpg" style=width:100%>
</div>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
\  

A more complete example of what you can acheive with the interface.  
\  

<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<div align="center">
  <img src="img/rstudio2.jpg" style=width:100%>
</div>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
\  

# Loading packages, e.g. `tidyverse`  

How to load packages in `R`.  

```{r}
install.packages("tidyverse")  # install package
library(tidyverse) # load the package library
require(tidyverse) # same as library    

# We are typing in an R Script. Things with # in front make them comments and notes to ourselves
# Command Return to execute the line/ "run the code"
```
\  

# Using built-in `R` data: the `mpg` dataset   
[Section 3.2.1](https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#the-mpg-data-frame)  

We'll use a built-in tidyverse dataset called `mpg` with data about cars and gas-mileage.

```{r}
mpg
# run help page with '?'
?mpg   
```

* This is a tibble (data frame) that we've "printed" out. It's like R's version of an excel spreadsheet, but much better. 
* A tibble will show us the first 10 rows, rows containing the data, column names, and the class of data within each column, such as numeric, integer, or character.    

## Summarising data        
```{r}
str(mpg) # structure of data
glimpse(mpg) # preview of data 
summary(mpg) # basic summary stats  
table(mpg$manufacturer) # counts of each column
head(mpg) # visualise first 6 rows of data
tail(mpg,10) # visualise last 10 (or N) rows of data 
names(mpg) # get column names
class(mpg) # class of data frame
class(mpg$manufacturer) # class of data column
mpg$displ # print a column
mpg$hwy # print a column
```
\    

# Creating a plot with `ggplot`  
[Section 3.2.2](https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#creating-a-ggplot)     

* `ggplot()` Creates a coordinate system for us--basically an empty graph.  
* `geom_point()` Adds a "layer", e.g. geom_point (but there are many for different kinds of graphs).  

Plot two of the data columns  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy))
```
\  

Changing the data column inputs for the **x** and **y** axis of the plot  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = mpg) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = class, y = drv))
```
\  

Assign data to variables to create dynamic inputs  
```{r, eval = T}
my_data <- mpg # create own variable using a name of your choice  

ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy))
```
\  

## Themes  

Change plot style. Link for more [ggplot themes](https://www.datanovia.com/en/blog/ggplot-themes-gallery/).        
```{r, eval = T}
require(ggthemes)

# classic theme
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) + 
  theme_minimal()

# minimal theme
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) + 
  theme_tufte()  

# assign theme to variable  
my_theme <- theme_classic() 
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) + 
  my_theme # apply your chosen theme  

```
\  

# Aesthetic mapping  
[Section 3.3](https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#aesthetic-mappings)  

`colour`. Change the colour of the data points.
`size`. Change the size of the data points.  
`alpha`. Change the transparency of the data points.   

## Colour

Colour by colour name. 
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy), colour = "light blue") +
  my_theme
  
```
\   

Colour by a [hex code](https://htmlcolorcodes.com/color-picker/) in quotes.  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy), colour = "#BB5C42") +
  my_theme
```
\  

colour by data column  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, colour = class)) +
  my_theme
```
\  

Inside versus outside the `aes`  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, colour = "blue")) +
  my_theme
```
\  

## Size 

Size by integer  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, size = 5)) +
  my_theme
```
\  

Size by data column      
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, size = class)) +
  my_theme
```
\  

We get a warning, but this is okay.  
\  

## Transparency 
```{r, eval = T}
# map classe column to different transparencies
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, alpha = class)) + 
  my_theme
```
\  

## Shape  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, shape = class)) +
  my_theme
```
\  

Any warnings? Yes, because shape maxes out at six levels.
\  

## Manually changing aesthetic properties
  
But we can *set* the aesthetic properties manually, instead of having ggplot do the scaling automatically. For example, we can make our ggplot points all blue like this. This time, putting colour OUTSIDE the `aes` argument.

```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) +  
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy), colour = "blue") +
  my_theme
```
\  

Using colour both inside and outside the aes  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, colour = class), colour = "#AE42BB") +
  my_theme
```
\  

**The inner one is overridden.**     
\  

Putting it all together as a snapshot of what's possible  
```{r, eval = T}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, colour = class, size = class, alpha = class)) +
  my_theme
```

## Aesthetics you can manually set  

  * The name of a colour as a character string.
  * The size of a point in mm.
  * The shape of a point as a number, as shown in Figure 3.1. 
  
  <!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
<div align="center">
  <img src="img/shapes.png" style=width:100%>
</div>
<!-- ----------------------- image --------------------------- -->
\  
  
`R` has 25 built in shapes that are identified by numbers. There are some seeming duplicates: for example, 0, 15, and 22 are all squares. The difference comes from the interaction of the `colour` and `fill` aesthetics. The hollow shapes (0--14) have a border determined by `colour`; the solid shapes (15--18) are filled with `colour`; the filled shapes (21--24) have a border of `colour` and are filled with `fill`.  

\newpage      

# Further plotting examples    
[Section 3.3.1](https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html#exercises-1)  

The online reference contains further examples of how to visualise your data.    

# Reading in outside data: NYC Airbnb data  

```{r, eval = T, echo = F}
library(tidyverse) # includes package "readr"
# All Airbnb data (106 cols)
url <- "http://data.insideairbnb.com/united-states/ny/new-york-city/2021-04-07/data/listings.csv.gz"

nyc_full <- read_csv(url) # reads in data
head(nyc_full)
```
\  

Using a smaller dataset 
```{r, eval = T, results="hide"}
# smaller csv file (16 cols)
url <- "http://data.insideairbnb.com/united-states/ny/new-york-city/2021-04-07/data/listings.csv.gz"

nyc <-  read_csv(url)
nyc <- nyc[nyc$id < 20000,] # get smaller subet of data
length(nyc$id) # print length of 'id' column
head(nyc)
``` 
\    

# Plotting AirBnB data with ggplot  

Using the above plotting functions to visualise the AirBnB data  

```{r, eval = T}
# plot neighborhood_group vs price
ggplot(data = nyc) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = neighbourhood_group_cleansed, y = price, colour =
                             neighbourhood_group_cleansed), shape = 21, stroke = 1) +
  my_theme
```

```{r, eval=T}
# plot minimum_nights vs price
ggplot(data = nyc) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = minimum_nights, y = price, 
                           colour = neighbourhood_group_cleansed), shape = 20, size = 3, stroke = 1) +
  my_theme
```

```{r, eval=T}
# availability_365 vs price
ggplot(data = nyc) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = availability_365, y = price, 
                           colour = neighbourhood_group_cleansed), shape = 21, stroke = 1) +
  my_theme
```
    
```{r, eval=T}
# plot longitude vs price
ggplot(data = nyc) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = longitude, y = price, 
                           colour = neighbourhood_group_cleansed), shape = 21, stroke = 1) +
  my_theme
```


Try your own plot using the other variables in the dataset    
```{r}
# plot neighborhood_group vs price
names(airbnb)
glimpse(airbnb)

my_data <- NULL
x <- NULL
y <- NULL
colour <- NULL
shape <- NULL
stroke <- NULL
```

```{r, echo=F}
ggplot(data = my_data) + 
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = x, y = y, colour = colour), shape = shape, stroke = stroke)
```

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