vdoc1980.txt

	                            VEDIT


	                       A VISUAL EDITOR




	                        USER'S MANUAL














	                     COPYRIGHT (C) 1980








	                  COMPUVIEW PRODUCTS, INC.












	                                                    Page 2







	                              VEDIT

	                         A Visual Editor

	                          User's Manual



	                           Written By

	                         Theodore Green

	                           April 1980



	                    Compuview Products, Inc.
	                          1531 Jones Dr
	                    Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

	          Copyright (C)  1980  by  Theodore Green.  All
	          rights reserved.  No part of this publication
	          may be reproduced,  in  any  form  or  by any
	          means, for  any commercial  purposes.  It may
	          be   reproduced    for    educational,   non-
	          commercial, purposes  on  the  condition that
	          this copyright notice is included.

	                           DISCLAIMER

	          CompuView Products, Inc. and  the author make
	          no claims or  warranties with  respect to the
	          contents or accuracy of  this publication, or
	          the  product  it   describes,  including  any
	          warranties of fitness  or merchantability for
	          a   particular   purpose.  Any    stated   or
	          expressed  warranties  are  in  lieu  of  all
	          obligations or  liability  for  any  damages,
	          whether special,  indirect  or consequential,
	          arising out of or in  connection with the use
	          of  this  publication   or  the   product  it
	          describes.  Furthermore,   the    right    is
	          reserved to   make   any   changes   to  this
	          publication without obligation  to notify any
	          person of such changes.



















	                           Table of Contents
	                           -----------------


	Section                                                         Page 1

	I.)  Introduction                                          2

	II.) Getting Started                                       3

	1.)  Overall Description                                   4

	          Introduction                                     4
	          Basic Editing Concepts                           4
	          Auto Read/Write and Auto-Buffering               6
	          The Text Register                                6
	          Invoking VEDIT                                   7
	          Visual Mode                                      7
	          Command Mode                                     9
	          Which Mode to use for What                       11

	2.)  Visual Mode                                           13

	          Properties                                       13
	          Displayable Characters                           14
	          Control Characters                               14
	          Control Characters (Cursor Movement)             15
	          Control Characters (Visual Functions)            16

	3.)  Command Mode                                          18

	          Properties                                       18
	          Brief Command Description                        19
	          Detailed Command Description                     22
	          Command Line Editing                             45

	4.)  Appendices

	     A -  Command Reference                                46
	     B -  Customizing with VEDSET                          47
	     C -  Error Messages                                   56
	     D -  VEDIT notes                                      58



















	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 2
	Introduction





	                         Introduction to VEDIT
	                         ---------------------


	     VEDIT is an editor  designed  to  take  full  advantage  of a CRT
	display to make editing of  a file as fast  and easy as possible.  The
	main feature of VEDIT  is its  visual mode  editing which continuously
	displays a region  of the  user's file  on the  screen and  allows any
	changes made to the screen display to  become the changes in the file.
	The screen display  is changed by  moving the displayed  cursor to any
	place in the file and  making necessary changes by  typing in new text
	or hitting a  function key.  Even blocks  of text can  be moved within
	visual mode.

	     VEDIT also provides a very flexible and powerful command mode for
	performing search operations, repetitive editing operations, text move
	and extensive file handling.

	     The  sophisticated  disk  buffering  in   VEDIT  is  designed  to
	automatically perform the read/write  operations necessary for editing
	files larger than  can  fit  in  the  main  memory  at one time.  This
	applies mostly to  the visual  mode and  allows the  editing in visual
	mode to be done  with little concern  over the size  of the file being
	edited.

	     Since  so  many  hardware  configurations,  different  keyboards,
	editing applications and  personal  preferences  exist  in  the world,
	VEDIT is supplied  with a  customization program  in order  to let the
	user create versions  of VEDIT which  are best suitable  to the user's
	hardware, keyboard, needs and desires.





























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 3
	Getting Started


	    This manual is organized  into four main  parts.  The next section
	describes the overall operation  of VEDIT  in both  command and visual
	mode without describing the  functions in either  mode in detail.  The
	section also describes  basic  disk  file  editing  concepts and their
	application to VEDIT.  The second section describes the visual mode in
	detail, while the third  section is devoted  to a detailed description
	of the command  mode.  The  last  section  contains  appendices of the
	customization process,  a  reference  guide  of  the  commands  and  a
	description of the error messages.

	     The new  user of  VEDIT is  best off  to at  least skim  the next
	section and the visual  mode description before  editing any important
	files.  The anxious new user will probably want to immediately "tinker
	around" and this is  probably the best  way to get  to know the visual
	mode, as long as no important  files are clobbered.  Before you can do
	this however, you will  have to go  through the customization process.
	This delays things a  little at  the beginning  but is  well worth the
	trouble.  The customization process leaves a lot of options up to your
	choice.  Since you probably  won't  know  what  options  to choose the
	first time, recommendations  are made for  the first time  or even the
	first few times you  go through the  customization process.  Since the
	customization process does not destroy or alter the "prototype" editor
	files on  disk, but  rather creates  a new  file with  your customized
	editor in it, you may go through the process as often as you like.  As
	you gain experience  with  VEDIT  you  will  probably  go  through the
	customization process  several  time  until  you  get  everything just
	right.  You may also create  several versions of  VEDIT, although that
	might confuse you more than help.

	     Once the new user has  had some practice with  the visual mode of
	VEDIT, he will  then want  to try  out the  command mode.  The command
	mode is definitely  not as  easy to  use as  the visual  mode and more
	references to this  manual  will  be  necessary.  A  nice  thing about
	VEDIT is that you can do practically  all of your basic editing in the
	easy to use visual  mode  and  can  learn  the  command mode little by
	little.

	     Visual mode is  so easy  to learn  and use  that even  a computer
	novice can learn to  use it in ten  minutes.  Using VEDIT can actually
	be an enjoyable experience, so don't be surprised if you find yourself
	looking forward to using it.





















	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 4
	Overall Description


	Introduction
	------------

	     VEDIT is a visual  editor  which  currently  runs  under the CP/M
	operating system.  It allows any text file to be created and/or edited
	in a visual manner on systems  with certain types of CRT displays.  It
	has two operating  modes: command  mode and  visual mode.  The command
	mode allows the  execution  of  normal  editor  commands,  such as for
	searching, printing and altering.  Commands are  provided for saving a
	copy of lines in  a text  register and  inserting the  contents of the
	text register at any point in  the file.  Command mode also allows for
	explicit Read and Write commands  to be executed as  well as new Input
	or Output files to be opened or closed.  Multiple iterations of single
	commands or sets of commands called Iteration Macros is possible.  One
	command puts the editor into visual mode.

	Basic Editing Concepts
	----------------------

	     The purpose of editing is  to create or change  a file on disk so
	that it may be saved for future  use and processed by another program,
	such as a  word processing  program (text  formatter), a  compiler, or
	simply be printed out.  When  the file  is first  created, the initial
	text of the file is entered with the editor, corrections are made, and
	then saved on disk.  When  a file  is to  be changed  or "edited", the
	existing copy of the  file is read  from the disk  into the computer's
	"main memory", the changes  are made by  the user with  the use of the
	editor, and an entirely new copy of the file is saved on disk.

	     Each file on disk has a name, and when a file is created with the
	editor, the user assigns  the file its name.  It  is helpful to choose
	names which mean something and are easy to remember.  The name LETTER1
	is thus better  than  JV%8-G5F.  The  CP/M  operating  system has file
	names which consist of two parts, the "filename" and the "filetype" or
	"extension". A "." separates the two parts  and the filename may be up
	to 8 characters long and the  extension up to 3 characters long.  When
	a file is to be edited, its name  must be specified in order for it to
	be read from the  disk.  The new  copy of  the file  may be written to
	disk with a new name or with  the same name as before.  The normal way
	of invoking and exiting VEDIT will  cause it to automatically write it
	with its original name.  The question in this case is, what happens to
	the original copy of the file.  VEDIT leaves the original copy on disk
	too, but since you cannot  have two files on  disk with the same name,
	the name of the  original  file  is  changed  to  have an extension of
	".BAK".  This is refered to as the "backup" of the file.  Any previous
	backup of the file on the disk will be deleted by this process.

	    When a file  is read  from disk,  its contents  are stored  in the
	"main memory" of the  computer.  The portion  of the  main memory used
	for saving the file  is refered to as  the "text buffer".  All changes
	made to the file are made in the main memory or text buffer.  When the
	changes are complete, the  file is saved  again on disk.  This process










	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 5
	Overall Description


	of reading a file from  disk (or creating a  new file), making changes
	to the file and saving it on disk, is refered to as an "edit session".
	Thus up to two  files  are  being  processed  while editing.  The file
	being read is called  the "input" file  and the file  being written is
	called the "output" file.  Specifying  to the editor  which file is to
	be used for input or output is  refered to as "opening" the file.  The
	way VEDIT is normally  invoked, i.e. "VEDIT  FILE.TXT", the named file
	is opened for input, and another file  is opened for output which will
	have the same name as the original input file when the edit session is
	over.  At that time the original input file will still exist, but will
	have been renamed to a backup file, i.e. "FILE.BAK".

	     In some cases the  file to be  edited is larger  than the maximum
	size of the text  buffer and only a  portion of it can  be in the text
	buffer at  once  and  edited.  This  situtation  is  handled  by first
	reading in the first portion  of the file, making  the edit changes to
	it, writing part of the text buffer out  to disk, to make space in the
	main memory, and then reading in more of the file being  edited and so
	on.  (There are a lot more details involved in this process.) In order
	to edit a  portion of the file which has already gone through the text
	buffer and been written on disk, a new edit session has to be started.
	VEDIT, especially in visual  mode, has the  capability to perform this
	read/write process automatically.  When  the user  reaches the  end of
	the text buffer in  visual mode, the  beginning of the  text buffer is
	written out to disk  (to the output  file) and more  of the file being
	edited (the input file) is  read or "appended" to  the end of the text
	buffer.  This process,  when  done  automatically,  is  refered  to as
	"auto-buffering".  Another automatic process  done in  both visual and
	command mode is called "auto-read" which consists of reading the input
	file until it is all read in, or until the main memory space is almost
	full.































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 6
	Overall Description


	Auto Read / Write and Auto-Buffering
	------------------------------------

	     Auto Read/Write refers to any disk  file reading or writing which
	is done by VEDIT without the user having given the "A" or "W" commands
	in command  mode.  (See  also  "Basic  Editing  Concepts" above).  The
	simplest auto read/write involves reading the input file into the text
	buffer when the editor is  invoked in the normal  way, and writing the
	output file  when  the  editor  is  exited.  More  sophisticated  auto
	read/write called  "Auto-Buffering"  can  take  place,  especially  in
	visual mode.  Auto-buffering refers to the read/write operations which
	VEDIT performs, especially in  visual mode  when the  user has reached
	the end of the text buffer and not all of the input file has been read
	yet.  It is only performed in command  mode for the "N" command, since
	it would  otherwise interfere  with special  editing applications.  If
	the text buffer fills  up in visual  mode while the  user is typing in
	more text, VEDIT will also try to  write out 1K byte sections from the
	beginning of the text  buffer to the output  file.  This is refered to
	as  "Auto-Write".  For   more   details   see   Appendix   B,  "Memory
	Parameters ...".

	The Text Register
	-----------------

	     The text register  is used  for saving  a temporary  copy of text
	which is independent of  the  text  buffer.  Its  main  purpose is for
	copying or moving a  section or "block"  of text from  one area of the
	file to  another.  The  text  register  is  not  changed  by  any disk
	read/write operations, nor by the  "EA" or <RESTART> commands.  It can
	thus also  be used  to extract  a section  of text  from one  file and
	insert it anywhere in another file.  Commands exist for using the text
	register from both command and visual  mode.  The text may be saved in
	one mode and inserted in the other.  In  command mode the text save is
	line oriented, while in visual  mode it is character oriented.  Visual
	mode also has an  additional  text  register  operation  which moves a
	block of text to the  text register and then  deletes it from the text
	buffer.  The text register  is  thus  more  flexible  in  visual mode,
	besides being much easier to use.
























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 7
	Overall Description


	Invoking VEDIT
	--------------

	     VEDIT is invoked  from CP/M  by typing  a command  of one  of the
	following two forms:

	VEDIT

	or

	VEDIT <filename.ext>

	    The second form  is the  normal form  for creating  a new  file or
	editing an existing file.  The  file  name  may  be  specified with an
	optional drive name and file extension in the normal CP/M format.  The
	named file is opened for  input if it exists  on disk and an auto-read
	is done on it.  If the file does  not exist, the message "NEW FILE" is
	printed.  An output file is also opened  which will have the specified
	name when the edit session is over.  At  that time the input file will
	have been renamed to 'filename'.BAK.

	     The first form is used when VEDIT is to be loaded into memory and
	the input and output files are to be specified from command mode.  The
	second form is  equivalent to the  first form followed  by the command
	"EB<filename.ext>".

	     Following either command form, VEDIT  will begin in either visual
	mode or command, depending upon how  the "Begin in Visual Mode" switch
	was set during customization.

	Visual Mode
	-----------

	     In visual mode,  the  screen  continuously  displays  the current
	contents of the file,  in the  region  you are  editing, and a cursor.
	The bottom line of  the screen is  used for status  information and is
	normally filled with  the  "-"  character.  The  changes  made  to the
	screen display by typing in new  text or control characters become the
	changes to the file.  The  characters typed while  in visual mode fall
	into two  categories: Displayable  characters and  Control characters.
	The displayable characters are  displayed on the  screen at the cursor
	position and cause  the  cursor  to  move  to  the right.  The control
	characters fall into  two subcategories  - cursor  movement and visual
	functions.  The cursor movement  operations  cause  no  change  to the
	file, but rather move the  cursor a character  at a time,  a line at a
	time or  a  screen  at  a  time.  Additional  cursor  movements  allow
	movement to the next tab position and the beginning or end of the text
	buffer.  The cursor can only point to characters in the file, it never
	points to "space", i.e.  a position on  a screen line  past the end of
	the text line.












	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 8
	Overall Description


	     A useful feature in the visual mode is the ability to move a copy
	of a section of text  to any other place  in the file.  The section or
	block of text is  specified by  moving the  cursor to  the ends of the
	text block, hitting a  function key  at each  end and  then moving the
	cursor to the place  in the  file it  is to  be inserted.  Hitting one
	more function key inserts a copy of the text at the cursor position.

	     The visual mode handles text lines which are up to 260 characters
	( 256 plus CR LF and two spare) long.  Text lines longer than a screen
	line are handled  by  displaying  them  on  multiple  screen lines and
	indicating in the first  reserved column  those screen  lines that are
	continuations.  These continuation  lines  are  created  as  necessary
	while you type.

	     In visual mode, the disk buffering can perform automatic Read and
	Write to handle files which are larger than the size of available main
	memory.  This is explained above under  "Automatic Read / Write".  Its
	purpose is to make the  size of the  file as invisible  to the user as
	possible.  It  is  not  always  completely  invisible  however,  since
	editing the portion of  the file which has  already passed through the
	text buffer  requires  starting  a  new  edit  session.  The automatic
	read/write in visual mode will also begin to write out the text buffer
	if the memory becomes full and the user continues to type in new text.

	     Tab characters may be inserted into  the text in both command and
	visual mode.  Visual  mode can  optionally also  insert spaces  to the
	next tab position when  the Tab key  is hit.  While this  uses up more
	disk space and  is  not  recommended  for  normal  applications, it is
	useful for applications  which require  an exact  layout which  is not
	compatible with the tab positions of other programs.
































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 9
	Overall Description


	Command Mode
	------------

	     In command mode, the  user enters command  lines which consist of
	single  commands,  strings  of  commands  or  iteration  macros.  Each
	command line, whether it consists of  one command or multiple commands
	is ended with an [ESC] [ESC]; there is no [RETURN].

	     Each command consists  of a single  letter or two  letters if the
	first letter is "E" (Extended command).  Some commands may be preceded
	by a number  to  signify  that  the  command  is  to  be  repeated, or
	"iterated".  If no  number is  given, a  "1" is  used as  the default.
	Multiple commands may  be typed one  after another on  a command line.
	They are always executed  left to right.  Their effect  is the same as
	if each command had been typed on its own command line.

	     A group of  commands,  called  an  iteration  macro,  may also be
	executed multiple times as  a group by enclosing  the group within "<"
	and ">", and prefixing  the  "<"  with  the  iteration  number for the
	entire group.  (Note:  The characters  for enclosing  iteration macros
	are printed as "["  and "]"  in this  manual.  Some users  may be more
	familiar  with  angle  brackets  and  can  choose  either  set  during
	customization.) The effect is  to  execute  the  first  command of the
	group through the last command of the  group and then start over again
	with the first  command.  The group  is executed  the number  of times
	specified by  the  iteration  macro.  For  example,  the  command "4T"
	prints out four lines.  The  command "5<4T>" prints  out the same four
	lines five times for a total of 20 printed lines.  The "<" and ">" may
	also occur within each other ("be  nested") for more complicated macro
	commands.  For example the  command "3<5<4T>4L>>" would  print out the
	same four lines five times, then move to the next four lines and print
	them out five times  and last, move  to the next  four lines and print
	them out five  times.  The  leftmost  "3"  determines  that everything
	inside the outside "<" and ">" will be executed three times.  This may
	seem a  little  complicated  at  first,  but  it  becomes  useful with
	practice.

	     Many of the  commands make  a change  to the  text buffer  at the
	position determined by the  "edit pointer".  The edit  pointer is very
	much like the cursor in  visual mode, it is  just not as readily seen.
	Commands exist to move the edit pointer  a character at a time, a line
	at a time  or to  the beginning  or the  end of  the text buffer.  The
	number of lines or characters the  edit pointer moves is determined by
	the iteration number for the command.  Negative iteration numbers mean
	backward movement, towards  the  beginning  of  the  text buffer.  One
	command prints a  given  number  of  lines  before  or  after the edit
	pointer to display the contents of the  file and "show" the user where
	the edit pointer is.

	    The commands which alter the text all operate from the position of
	the edit pointer.  One  deletes  characters,  one  deletes  lines, one
	inserts new text and  another searches for a  string of characters and










	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 10
	Overall Description


	changes  them  to  another.  Other  commands  only  perform  searching
	without alteration.  Two commands  are  used  to  manipulate  the text
	register, with one making a copy of  the specified lines and the other
	then inserting this  copy at  the edit  pointer.  Another two commands
	are used to change  the switch  settings and  tab positions.  The last
	two groups of commands deal with the  reading and writing of files and
	with the opening and closing of input and output files.

	     The commands fall into eight overlapping categories:

	Edit pointer movement   -     B,  L,  C,  Z
	Display text            -     T
	Alter text              -     D,  I,  K,  S
	Search                  -     F,  N,  S
	Text Move               -     G,  P
	Disk Buffering          -     A,  N,  W, EA, EX, EQ
	File Handling           -    EB, EF, ER, EW
	Switch and Tab Set      -    ES, ET

	     Additionally the "V" command enters the  visual mode, and the "U"
	command prints three memory usage numbers.









































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 11
	Overall Description


	Which Mode to Use for What
	--------------------------

	     The visual mode  is  designed  to  satisfy  the  majority  of all
	editing needs.  The bulk  of editing  consists of  inserting new text,
	correcting typos, and  making revisions, which  includes moving blocks
	of text around.  These are all readily  handled in visual mode and are
	best done in that mode.  There is probably a three to one time savings
	in inserting new  text and  correcting the  typos in  visual mode over
	command mode.  There is probably  a ten to one  time savings in making
	the revisions in visual mode over  command mode, even assuming you are
	very practiced with the commands!

	     Command mode is  most useful in  searching for text  in the file,
	performing repetitive edit  changes  using  iteration  macros  and for
	extensive file handling.  Searching  is used for  directly accessing a
	particular word or string  in the file and  then entering visual mode.
	When entering visual  mode, the  cursor takes  on the  position in the
	text buffer of the edit pointer  in command mode.  When exiting visual
	mode to command mode, the  edit pointer takes on  the last position of
	the cursor.

	     Searching is often  used  in  conjunction  with  the  visual mode
	command in iteration macros for finding all occurrences of a string in
	the file and then editing that region of the file in visual mode.  For
	example, the following command will search  for all occurrences of the
	word "temporary" and let those regions of the file be edited in visual
	mode.

	1000<Ntemporary$V>$$

	     (Note that the  iteration number  "1000" is  chosen to  simply be
	greater than the  number of  occurrences of  the string  that actually
	exist in the file.  The "$"  character is used in  this manual for the
	[ESC] control character, since the "$"  is echoed anytime the [ESC] is
	typed in command mode.)

	     Another common   operation   is   to   change   (substitute)  all
	occurrences of a word to another and  check that it was done correctly
	in visual mode.  For example, the following command could be used in a
	form letter to  change the  string /name/  to the  desired name, check
	that it was done  right  in  visual  mode,  and  if necessary make the
	changes in that mode.

	1000<S/name/$Mr. Jones$V>$$

	     The visual mode has two  ways of exiting back  to command mode in
	order to  help in  using iteration  macros.  The [visual  exit] simply
	exits and lets  any command  iteration continue.  The  second, [visual
	escape] exits to  command mode  but also  aborts any  iteration macro.
	The latter is used when the user  realizes that the iteration macro is
	not doing what was  intended and  does not  want the  macro to further










	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 12
	Overall Description


	foul things up.  For example,  in order  to change  all occurrences of
	the word "and" to "or", the following command may have been given:

	1000<Sand$or$V>$$

	The user might then  see  in  visual  mode  that  the  word "sand" was
	changed to "sor",  which was  not the  intention.  The [visual escape]
	would stop the command and the following correct command could then be
	given:

	1000<S and $ or $V>$$

	     The commands "I" for Insert  and "T" for Type  are most useful in
	iteration macros.  The "T"  can be used  to simply type  out the lines
	that are changed in an iteration macro without going into visual mode.
	The "I" command is  useful when the  same text is  to be inserted into
	the text buffer many times.  For example, to begin creating a table of
	60 lines, where each line begins with a tab and ".....", the following
	command could be used  before  the  rest  of  the  table was filled in
	visual mode:

	60<I[TAB].....[CR]$>$$

	     (The "[TAB]" is  the tab character  and the "[CR]"  is the RETURN
	character which will cause  a  carriage  return  and  line  feed to be
	inserted and printed.)

	     Command mode is  also used  when the  edit session  involves more
	than just making changes to a single file.  The file handling commands
	allow several files to be  merged into one file or  a file to be split
	into several smaller  ones.  Combined with the  text register commands
	in either visual or  command mode, portions  of one file  can be found
	and copied into the middle of another file.  Other possibilities exist
	and some examples are  given in the  "Detailed Command Description" of
	this manual.




























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 13
	Visual Mode


	Properties
	----------

	     In visual mode the screen continuously displays the region of the
	file being edited and a cursor.  The left most column does not contain
	text, but rather  is  reserved  for  the  line continuation indicator.
	(The character used for the line  continuation indicator is set by the
	user during customization. A "-" is suggested.) The bottom screen line
	is used for  status  information  consisting  of  letters or messages.
	(Some CRT displays allow the letters  of messages to appear in reverse
	video.) Characters typed while in  visual mode take effect immediately
	when typed.  There  are  two  basic  kinds  of  keyboard  characters -
	Displayable characters and Control characters.  Displayable characters
	appear on the  screen  while  control  characters  immediately perform
	their operation.  The control  characters  either  move  the cursor or
	perform a visual function.

	     Each text line is  assumed  to  end  in  a  [CR] [LF]  pair as is
	required for other CP/M  programs, and the [LF]  is the true delimiter
	of the  text  lines.  Typing  the  [RETURN]  or  [CR]  key  inserts  a
	[CR] [LF] pair at the  cursor position.  Deleting  the end  of a line,
	will delete both the [CR] and  the [LF].  While VEDIT, in visual mode,
	will never create a line ending in just a [CR] or [LF], such lines are
	handled in visual  mode,  although  displayed  differently.  (They may
	result from unexacting use of the  "D" command in command mode).  If a
	line ends  in only  a [LF],  the next  line will  be displayed  with a
	starting position directly below  the end  of the  previous line (just
	like many terminals display).  If a line  contains a [CR] not followed
	by a [LF], the character  following the [CR] will  be displayed in the
	reserved column of the same screen line and the rest of the characters
	will overwrite previous  characters.  (This is not  very eloquent, but
	is just what  most terminals  would do).  Such  lines may  be fixed by
	deleting the offending lone [CR]  or [LF] with the  [DEL] key and then
	inserting the [CR] [LF] pair with the [RETURN] key.

	     The visual mode performs auto-buffering when the user reaches the
	end of the text  buffer, and  the entire  input file  has not yet been
	read.  Specifically, if the current screen  display reaches the end of
	the text buffer,  the  auto-buffering  is  performed.  VEDIT will also
	perform an auto-write if  the  text  buffer  reaches  its maximum size
	while the user is  typing in  more text.  At  this point  the first 1K
	text bytes will attempt  to  be  written  to  the  output file.  If no
	output file is open, or the cursor is  within the first 1K of the text
	buffer, no writing occurs  and the  "FULL" message  appears instead on
	the status line.  Both  the auto-buffering  and the  auto-write may be
	disabled by the "Auto Buffering in Visual Mode" switch.
















	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 14
	Visual Mode


	Displayable Characters
	----------------------

	When a displayable character is typed, it appears on the screen at the
	current cursor position and the cursor then moves to its right.  VEDIT
	has two modes for  inserting new  characters, NORMAL  and INSERT mode.
	When a displayable character is typed in NORMAL mode it appears at the
	cursor  position  and  any   character  which  was   there  is  simply
	overwritten.  The only exception to this  is the [CR] [LF] pair, which
	is not overwritten, but  is squeezed  to the  right.  Also, typing the
	[RETURN] does  not  overwrite  any  character,  but  rather  moves any
	character at the cursor position to the next line.  In INSERT mode, no
	character is ever  overwritten, but  rather is  squeezed to  the right
	when a new character is typed at  its position.  In either mode, a new
	screen line, called  a  continuation  line,  is  begun  on  the CRT if
	necessary.  Visual functions  exist to  go into  Insert Mode,  go into
	Normal mode, or to switch between the modes.  The editor always starts
	in Normal mode.

	     The  keyboard  characters   [RETURN]  or   [CR]  and   [TAB]  are
	displayable characters,  but  have  special  properties.  The Carriage
	Return character [RETURN] causes a [CR] and  line feed [LF] pair to be
	inserted into the text and  a new line to  be begun on the screen.  If
	it is typed while the cursor is pointing within a text line, that line
	is effectively split into two lines.  The  Tab key causes insertion of
	a tab character, or optionally, spaces  to the next tab position.  The
	tab character itself  is displayed  with spaces  on the  screen to the
	next tab position, even  though the  spaces do  not exist  in the text
	buffer.

	Control Characters
	------------------

	     The  control  characters  fall  into  two  subcategories:  Cursor
	Movement and Visual Function.  The cursor  movement keys only move the
	cursor to some other position  in the text and  do not actually change
	the text.  The visual functions [SET INSERT MODE], [RESET INSERT MODE]
	and [SWITCH INSERT  MODE] are  used for  switching between  NORMAL and
	INSERT mode.  The visual functions  for removing text  are [DEL] which
	deletes a character,  [EREOL]  for  deleting  (erasing)  all remaining
	characters on the line from the cursor position, [ERLINE] for deleting
	the entire text  line, and [BACKSPACE]  which moves the  cursor to the
	left and deletes  the character there.  The  visual function [RESTART]
	starts the edit session over, saving the current file on disk, just as
	the EA command does.  Additionally the  visual functions [COPY TO TEXT
	REGISTER], [MOVE TO TEXT REGISTER] and [INSERT TEXT REGISTER] are used
	to move or copy text  from one area in  the file to another.  The text
	register used is the  same  as  used  in  command  mode, thus the text
	register may be set  in command  mode and  inserted in  visual mode or
	vice versa.












	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 15
	Visual Mode - Control Characters  (Cursor Movement)



	[HOME]           Move the cursor  to the  very first  character in the
	                 text buffer.

	[ZEND]           Move the  cursor to  the very  last character  in the
	                 text buffer.

	[CURSOR DOWN]    Move the cursor down one line, to the same horizontal
	                 position if possible.  If the  position is beyond the
	                 end of the line, move to the  end of the line, if the
	                 position is in the  middle of a tab,  move to the end
	                 of the tab.  If there is no line, don't move.

	[CURSOR UP]      Move the cursor  up one line,  to the same horizontal
	                 position if possible.  The same  rules as for [CURSOR
	                 DOWN] apply.

	[CURSOR LEFT]    Move the  cursor  to  the  previous  character in the
	                 text.  If currently at beginning of line, move to end
	                 of previous line.  If there is no line, don't move.

	[CURSOR RIGHT]   Move the cursor  to the  next character  in the text.
	                 If currently  at end  of line,  move to  beginning of
	                 next line.  If there is no line, don't move.

	[PAGE DOWN]      This scrolls the  screen to give  a similar effect to
	                 typing [CURSOR DOWN] for 3/4 screen lines.

	[PAGE UP]        This scrolls the  screen to give  a similar effect to
	                 typing [CURSOR UP] for 3/4 screen lines.

	[BACK TAB]       This moves the  cursor to  the first  position in the
	                 current physical line.  If  the cursor  is already at
	                 the first  position, the  cursor is  moved up  to the
	                 first position of the previous screen line.

	[TAB CURSOR]     This moves the cursor to the next tab stop.

	[ZIP]            This moves the cursor to the end of the text line the
	                 cursor is on.  If  it already  is at  the end  of the
	                 line, it moves to the end of the next text line.

	[NEXTLINE]       This moves the  cursor to  the beginning  of the next
	                 text line.


















	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 16
	Visual Mode - Control Characters  (Visual Function)


	[SET INSERT MODE] Change the mode to INSERT if not already there.

	[RESET INS MODE]  Change the mode to NORMAL if not already there.

	[SWITCH INS MODE] Switch the mode to the opposite.  Note that normally
	                  either [SET  INS  MODE]  and  [RESET  INS  MODE]  or
	                  [SWITCH INS  MODE] would  be implemented  during the
	                  VEDIT Customization process.

	[DELETE]          Delete the character  at  the  cursor position.  The
	                  cursor doesn't move.  A lone [CR]  or [LF] will also
	                  be deleted,  but  a  [CR] [LF]  pair  will  both  be
	                  deleted as one.

	[BACKSPACE]       Move the cursor  left  and  delete  the character at
	                  that position.  Does not delete a [CR] [LF].

	[EREOL]           This deletes all characters from the cursor position
	                  to the end  of  the  text  line  but  not  the final
	                  [CR][LF] pair unless the text  line only consists of
	                  the [CR][LF], in which case the [CR][LF] is deleted.
	                  For example,  to  completely  delete  a  line  would
	                  require the following sequence:

	                   [BACK TAB] [EREOL] [EREOL].

	[ERLINE]          This deletes the entire text line. Use of [BACK TAB]
	                  [EREOL] is  actually  preferable,  since  the latter
	                  does not close  up  the  screen  line and frequently
	                  allows the [UNDO] to restore the original line.

	[UNDO]            This rewrites the  screen  and  ignores  the changes
	                  made to the text line the cursor is on.

	[RESTART]         The text buffer  and any  unappended portion  of the
	                  input file  is  written  to  the  output  file.  The
	                  output file is closed and then reopened as the Input
	                  and Output file.  The  file  is  then  read into the
	                  text buffer again.























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 17
	Visual Mode - Control Characters  (Visual Function)


	[COPY TO TEXT REG] The first time this key is hit, the position of the
	                   cursor is remembered,  and an  "E" is  displayed on
	                   the status line.  When the key  is hit while an "E"
	                   is displayed,  the  text  block  between  the first
	                   cursor position and the  current cursor position is
	                   copied to  the  text  register.  Assuming  there is
	                   enough memory space for this  "copy", a "T" is then
	                   displayed on the status  line in place  of the "E".
	                   If insufficient memory  space  exists,  no  copy is
	                   made, the "E"  is  erased  and  the  "FULL" message
	                   appears on the status line.  Hitting this key twice
	                   at the same  cursor  position  will  empty the text
	                   register.  Note that either  the  beginning  or the
	                   end of the text block may be set first.

	[MOVE TO TEXT REG] This is similar  to [COPY TO TEXT REG], except that
	                   the text block  is  deleted  from  the  text buffer
	                   after it is moved to the text register.

	[INSERT TEXT REG]  A copy of the current text  register is inserted at
	                   the   current   cursor   position.  If   there   is
	                   insufficient memory space  for  the  entire "copy",
	                   nothing is inserted  and  the  "FULL"  message will
	                   appear on  the status  line.  Moving the  cursor to
	                   another line will clear the "FULL" message.

	[VISUAL EXIT]      Visual Mode is exited to command mode.  The current
	                   cursor position in the text  buffer will become the
	                   command  mode  edit   pointer  position.  Any  text
	                   register is preserved.

	[VISUAL ESCAPE]    This is identical to the [VISUAL EXIT], except that
	                   any current iteration macro is aborted.






























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 18
	Command Mode - Properties



	     In command mode  all character  output goes  to the  current CP/M
	console output device, which may or may not be the same screen as used
	for the visual mode.  The user enters  command lines, which consist of
	single  commands,  strings  of  commands  or  iteration  macros.  Each
	command line is ended with an  [ESC] [ESC], at which point the command
	line is executed.  The [ESC] is also used to delimit search strings.

	     Each character typed is echoed by VEDIT and none are processed by
	CP/M.  Thus the [CTRL-C] has a different meaning in VEDIT and does not
	cause a return to CP/M.  The [ESC], which may also be entered with the
	[ALT MODE] key, is  echoed  with  a  "$"  which  is  also  used in the
	examples in this  manual to  signify the  [ESC] key.  The  [RETURN] or
	[CR] key is echoed with a [CR] [LF] pair, and the pair is also entered
	into the command line.  Although this causes a new line to be printed,
	it is still  part of  the command  line and  does not  end the command
	line.

	     The user is prompted for a new command line by the "*" character.
	If, while typing, the command line should exhaust the amount of memory
	space available to  it, (the  text buffer,  text register  and command
	line all share the  same  memory  space)  VEDIT  will  send the "Bell"
	character to  the  console  and  neither  accept  nor  echo  any  more
	characters.  The user will then have to  edit the current command line
	in order to end  it and then rectify  the full memory situation.  Even
	when the memory is full, (see "U" command) up to ten characters may be
	typed on the command line.

	     Before the command line  is ended and  begins executing, the line
	may be edited  with  most  common  line  editing characters.  They are
	described  in  detail  below  under  "Line  Editing".  Once  execution
	begins, it may often  be  aborted  by  typing  the [CTRL-C] character.
	This causes a *BREAK* to  be printed and a  new command mode prefix to
	be printed.  VEDIT checks for  the [CTRL-C] before  any new command is
	executed and also during the  execution of the "A",  "F", "N", and "T"
	commands, and in a few other situations.

	     A useful feature for  some search  operations is  the special "|"
	character.  Each "|" in  the  string  being  searched  will  match any
	character in the text.  Thus the search string "C|N" will match "CAN",
	"C1N", "C N" and others.  Similarly, "C||E"  will match "CONE", "C NE"
	and others.

	     (Please note  that  the  bracket  characters  used  for iteration
	macros are printed as "["  and "]" in this  manual.  Some users may be
	more  familiar  with  the  angle   brackets  " "  and  " ".  The  user
	determines which characters to use during the customization process.)















	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 19
	Brief Command Description


	       'n' denotes a positive number.
	       'm' denotes a number which may  be negative to denote backwards
	           in the text buffer.

	       'string', 's1' and  's2' denote  strings which  may include the
	           [RETURN] key in  them.  'string' and 's1'  may also include
	           the "wildcard" character "|", each  of which will match any
	           character during the search.

	       'file' is a disk file name  in normal CP/M format with optional
	           disk drive and extension.


	nA               Append 'n' lines from  the input  file to  the end of
	                 the text buffer.  "0A" performs an auto-read.

	B                Move the edit  pointer to  the beginning  of the text
	                 buffer.

	mC               Move the edit pointer by 'm' positions.

	mD               Delete 'm' characters from the text.

	E                First letter of extended two letter commands.

	nFstring[ESC]    Search for the  'n'th  occurrence of  'string' in the
	                 current text buffer  and  position  the  edit pointer
	                 after it.

	G                Insert the contents of the  text register at the edit
	                 pointer.

	Itext[ESC]       Insert the 'text'  into the  text buffer  at the edit
	                 pointer.

	mK               Kill 'm' lines.

	mL               Move the edit pointer  by 'm' lines  and leave at the
	                 beginning of that line.

	nNstring[ESC]    Search for the 'n'th occurrence  of 'string' and read
	                 more of the  file from  disk if  necessary.  The edit
	                 pointer is positioned  after last  'string' if found,
	                 else not moved or  left at the  beginning of the text
	                 buffer.

	mP               Put 'm' lines  of text into  the text register.  "0P"
	                 empties the text register.

	Ss1[ESC]s2[ESC]  Search for the  next  occurrence  of  's1' within the
	                 current text buffer, and if found, change to 's2'.











	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 20
	Brief Command Description


	mT               Print (type)  'm' lines.

	U                Print # of  free bytes  remaining /  # bytes  in text
	                 buffer/ # bytes in text register.

	V                Go  into  visual  mode.  Set   cursor  position  from
	                 current edit pointer.

	nW               Write 'n' lines to the disk from the beginning of the
	                 text buffer  and  delete  from  the  text buffer.  0W
	                 writes out the text buffer up to the current line.

	Z                Move the edit  pointer to  the last  character in the
	                 text buffer.
















































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 21
	Brief Command Description



	EXTENDED COMMANDS


	EA               Restart the editor  by completely  writing the output
	                 file, closing it,  and  then opening  the output file
	                 again  with   an  EB.  The   text  register   is  not
	                 disturbed.

	EBfile           Open the file "file" for both Read and Write and then
	                 perform an  auto-read if  the input  file exists.  If
	                 the file  does  not  exist,  "NEW  FILE"  is printed.
	                 Gives error if an output file is still open.

	EF               Close the current output file.

	EQ               Quit the edit session and leave disk files exactly as
	                 before the session started.

	ERfile           Open the file "file"  for input. Gives  error if file
	                 does not exist.

	ES n k           Change the  value  of  switch  "n"  to "k". Currently
	                 there are 4 switches:

	          1      Expand Tab with spaces         (0=NO 1=YES)
	          2      Auto buffering in visual mode  (0=NO 1=YES)
	          3      Start in visual mode           (0=NO 1=YES)
	          4      Point past text reg. insert    (0=NO 1=YES)
	          5      Cursor type                    (0, 1 or 2)
	          6      Cursor blink rate              (10 - 100)
	          7      Lower case convert             (0, 1 or 2)
	          8      Conditional convert character  (32 - 126)

	ET               Set new tab positions.  The  ET is followed  by up to
	                 30 decimal  numbers  specifying  the  tab  positions.
	                 Since the positions start at  1, the normal positions
	                 would be: 9 17 25 33 etc.

	EV               Print the VEDIT version number.

	EWfile           Open the file  "file" for  output.  Any existing file
	                 by that name will be renamed to file.BAK following an
	                 EF or EX.  Gives error  if an output  file is already
	                 open.

	EX               Exit back to  CP/M  after  writing  the  text and any
	                 unappended part of the input file to the output file.
	                 Gives error if no output file is open.













	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 22
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                             nA     Append
	                             --     ------

	Example:       100A$$          0A$$

	Description:   This command will append 'n'  lines from the input file
	               to the  end of  the text  buffer.  Fewer lines  will be
	               appended if there is insufficient  memory space for 'n'
	               lines, or there  are  not  'n'  lines  remaining in the
	               input file.  If 'n'  is 0,  an auto-read  is performed,
	               which reads all  of the  input file  or until  the main
	               memory is almost full.  The command can be issued (with
	               'n' not zero) after an auto-read to read in more of the
	               file.  An error is given if there is no input file open
	               when this command  is  issued.  The  input  file can be
	               opened with the EB  and ER  commands, or  when VEDIT is
	               invoked from CP/M.

	Notes:         No indication  is given  if fewer  than 'n'  lines were
	               appended.  Use the "U"  command to see  if anything was
	               appended.  If the text  buffer is  completely full, the
	               text register cannot be  used and visual  mode will not
	               work well.

	See Also:      Commands: EB, ER, U, W
	               Auto-Read

	Examples:      ERTEXT.DOC$$
	               0A$$            The file 'TEXT.DOC'  is opened  and all
	                               of the file  is read  in, or  until the
	                               memory is almost full.































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 23
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                            B     Beginning
	                            -     ---------

	Example:       B$$

	Description:   This command moves the edit pointer to the beginning of
	               the text buffer.  The beginning of the text buffer will
	               not be the beginning of the  text file if a "W" command
	               or an auto-write was done.  In  this case, use the "EA"
	               command to move back to the beginning of the text file.

	Notes:

	See Also:      Commands: EA, Z

	Examples:      B12T$$          Moves the edit pointer to the beginning
	                               of the text buffer and prints the first
	                               12 lines.





	                             mC     Change
	                             --     ------

	Example:       12C$$           -4C$$

	Description:   This command moves  the edit  pointer by  'm' character
	               positions, forwards if 'm' is positive and backwards if
	               'm' is  negative.  The  edit  pointer  cannot  be moved
	               beyond the beginning or the end of the text buffer, and
	               an attempt to do so will  leave the edit pointer at the
	               beginning or the end respectively.  Remember that every
	               line normally ends  in  a  [CR] [LF]  (carriage return,
	               line feed), which represents two character positions.

	Notes:

	See Also:      Commands: D, L

	Examples:      Fhello$-5C$$    Searches for the  word "hello",  and if
	                               it is found, positions the edit pointer
	                               at the beginning of the word.


















	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 24
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                             mD     Delete
	                             --     ------

	Example:       12D$$           -4D$$

	Description:   This command  deletes  'm'  characters  from  the  text
	               buffer, starting at  the current  edit pointer.  If 'm'
	               is positive, the  'm'  characters  immeditately  at and
	               following the  edit  pointer  are  deleted.  If  'm' is
	               negative, the 'm' characters preceding the edit pointer
	               are deleted.  Fewer than 'm' characters will be deleted
	               if the ends of the text buffer are reached.

	Notes:

	See Also:      Commands: C, K

	Examples:      100<FBIKES$-D$>$$   The 'S' will be  deleted from up to
	                               100 occurrences of the word 'BIKES'.





	                        E     Extended Commands
	                        -     -----------------

	Example:       EX$$            EV$$

	Description:   This is not a  command  by  itself  but  just the first
	               letter of all the extended commands.

	Notes:         No error is given if just E$$ is given.

	See Also:      Extended commands.

	Examples:

























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 25
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                          nFs1[ESC]     Find
	                          ---------     ----

	Example:       Fmispell$$      10Fwords$$

	Description:   This command searches  the text  buffer, beginning from
	               the current edit  pointer, for the  'n'th occurrence of
	               the string 's1'.  The edit  pointer will  be positioned
	               after the last  character  of  the  'n'th occurrence of
	               's1' if it is  found.  If the 'n'th  occurrence of 's1'
	               is not found,  an error  will be  printed and  the edit
	               pointer will be positioned after the last occurrence of
	               's1' found, or be  left at its  original position if no
	               occurrences of 's1'  were found.  If  the search  is to
	               include parts of the  file not yet  in the text buffer,
	               use the "N" command.

	Notes:         The search   is   always   forward,   never  backwards.
	               Remember that the "wild card" character can be used.

	See Also:      Command: N

	Examples:      BFhello$$       Search for the  word  "hello"  from the
	                               beginning of the text buffer.

	               1000<3Ffirst$-5DIthird$>$$  Change     every      third
	                               occurrence  of  the   word  "first"  to
	                               "third".

	               Z-100LFend$$    Find the word  "end" if  it occurres in
	                               the last 100 lines of the text buffer.

	               1000<Ffix up$V>$$   Finds the  next  occurrence  of the
	                               string "fix up"  and  goes  into Visual
	                               mode. Any changes can be made in Visual
	                               mode.  When Visual mode  is exited, the
	                               next occurrence of  "fix  it"  is found
	                               and so on.
























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 26
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                               G     Get
	                               -     ---

	Example:       G$$

	Description:   This command inserts a copy of the text register at the
	               current edit pointer.  If there  is insufficient memory
	               space for the entire  copy, nothing is  inserted and an
	               error message is given.  If the text register is empty,
	               nothing is inserted.  The contents of the text register
	               are not affected  by this command.  The  "P" command or
	               visual mode is used to place text in the text register.

	Notes:

	See Also:      Commands: P
	               Visual Mode text move.

	Examples:      BG$$            Inserts  the   contents  of   the  text
	                               register at the  very beginning  of the
	                               text buffer.

	               12<G>$$         Inserts  the   contents  of   the  text
	                               register twelve  times  at  the current
	                               edit pointer.

	               132P132K$$
	               EA$$
	               10LG$$          Moves 132 lines  of text,  by saving it
	                               in  the  text   register,  killing  the
	                               original lines  and inserting  the text
	                               after the  tenth line  of the  file, in
	                               the situation  where  the  beginning of
	                               the file  is  no  longer  in  the  text
	                               buffer.



























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 27
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                         Itext[ESC]     Insert
	                         ----------     ------

	Example:       Ia word$$       I[RETURN]new line$$

	Description:   This command inserts  the  text  'text'  into  the text
	               buffer, starting  at  the  current  edit  pointer.  The
	               insertion is  complete  when  the  [ESC]  character  is
	               encountered.  The inserted text does  not overwrite any
	               existing text.  The  'text'  may  contain  the [RETURN]
	               key, which is expanded to  carriage return - line feed.
	               If insufficient memory  space exits for  the 'text', an
	               error will be printed and only  part of the 'text' will
	               have been inserted.  The  edit  pointer  is  moved just
	               past the inserted text.  This  command is probably best
	               used in iteration  macros, since  normal text insertion
	               is much easier to do in visual mode.

	Notes:         The  character  [ESC]  cannot   be  inserted.  The  tab
	               character is not expanded with spaces as is optional in
	               visual mode.

	See Also:

	Examples:      200<I[CR][TAB]$>$$  Inserts   200   new   lines,   each
	                               beginning with a tab character.




































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 28
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                              mK     Kill
	                              --     ----

	Example:       4K$$            -3K$$         0K$$

	Description:   This command  performs  a  line  oriented  deletion (or
	               killing) of text.  If  'm' is  positive, all characters
	               from the current edit  pointer and up  to and including
	               the 'm'th [LF]  are deleted  from the  text buffer.  If
	               'm' is  negative,  all  characters  preceding  the edit
	               pointer on the current line and the 'm' preceding lines
	               are deleted.  If 'm' is 0, all characters preceding the
	               edit pointer on  the  current  line  are deleted. Fewer
	               than 'm' lines will be killed if either end of the text
	               buffer is reached.

	Notes:

	See Also:      Command: D, T

	Examples:      1000<Ftemp line$0LK>$$  Kills  all lines  which contain
	                               the string "temp line".

	               -10000K$$       Kills all text before the edit pointer.

	               10000P10000K$$  Saves the rest  of  the  text  from the
	                               edit pointer in  the text  register and
	                               then deletes it from the text buffer.


































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 29
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                             mL     Lines
	                             --     -----

	Example:       120L$$          -14L$$         0L$$

	Description:   This command performs  a line oriented  movement of the
	               edit pointer, and  the edit  pointer is  always left at
	               the beginning of a line.  If  'm' is positive, the edit
	               pointer is left  following the  'm'th [LF].  If  'm' is
	               negative, the edit pointer is  left at the beginning of
	               the 'm'th  preceding  line.  If  'm'  is  0,  the  edit
	               pointer it moved to the  beginning of the current line.
	               Attempting to  move past  the ends  of the  text buffer
	               will leave the  edit  pointer  at  the  respective end.
	               This command makes no changes to the text buffer.

	Notes:

	See Also:      Commands: C, T

	Examples:      1000<Stypo$type$0LT>$$  Changes  all   occurrences   of
	                               "typo" to "type"  and prints  out every
	                               line that was changed.







































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 30
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                          nNs1[ESC]     Next
	                          ---------     ----

	Example:       Nbad line$$     3Nthird$$

	Description:   This command is very similar to the "F" command, except
	               that if the 'n'th  occurrence of  's1' is  not found in
	               the text buffer, auto-read/writes are performed to read
	               in more of the input file until the 'n'th occurrence is
	               found or the end of the  input file is reached.  If the
	               'n'th occurrence  still  is  not  found,  an  error  is
	               printed.  The edit  pointer  is  also  positioned  very
	               similar to  the "F"  command, except  in the  event the
	               'n'th occurrence is  not found and  neither the 'n-1'th
	               occurrence nor  the original  edit pointer  position is
	               any longer in the  text buffer.  In this  case the edit
	               pointer is positioned  at  the  beginning  of  the text
	               buffer.  Using this command  with  an  's1',  which you
	               know does not  exist, can  be used  to access  the last
	               part of a large file.

	Notes:         The search is always forward, never backwards.

	See Also:      Command: F
	               Auto Buffering

	Examples:      1000<Ntypo$-4DItype$>$$ Changes all  occurrences of the
	                               string "typo" to "type"  in the rest of
	                               the file.

	               Nxcxc$$         Accesses the  last  part  of  the file,
	                               assuming the string "xcxc" never occurs
	                               in it.





























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 31
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                              mP     Put
	                              --     ---

	Example:       40P$$           -20P$$         0P$$

	Description:   This command saves a  copy of the  specified text lines
	               in the text  register.  The  previous  contents  of the
	               text register are destroyed.  The  range of lines saved
	               is the same as for the  "K" or "T" commands.  If 'm' is
	               zero, the text register is  simply emptied, and nothing
	               is saved  in it.  Since  the text  buffer and  the text
	               register share the  same memory  space, saving  text in
	               the  text  register  decreases  the  amount  of  memory
	               available to  the text  buffer.  Thus the  "0P" command
	               should be  given  when  the  saved  text  is  no longer
	               needed.  This command does not  change the text buffer.
	               If there is  insufficient  memory  space  for  the text
	               copy, the text  register  is  only  emptied, nothing is
	               saved in it and an error is printed.  The saved text is
	               inserted in the text buffer with  the "G" command or in
	               Visual mode.

	Notes:         If the "P"  command occurs  within an  iteration macro,
	               the macro is aborted following the command.

	See Also:      Commands: G, K, T
	               Visual Mode text move

	Examples:      120P120K$$      The text  lines are  saved in  the text
	                               register and then deleted from the text
	                               buffer.

	               -23T$$
	               -23P$$          The  text   lines   are   printed   for
	                               verification before  they are  saved in
	                               the text register.


























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 32
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                    Ss1[ESC]s2[ESC]     Substitute
	                    ---------------     ----------

	Example:       Stypo$type$$

	Description:   This command searches  for the next  occurrence of 's1'
	               in the text buffer and changes it to 's2'.  An error is
	               printed if 's1' is not found.  If there is insufficient
	               memory space for  inserting 's2',  's1' will  have been
	               changed to as much of 's2'  as possible and an error is
	               printed.  The edit pointer is positioned after 's2', if
	               's1' is found, or else is left at its original position
	               if 's1' is not  found.  See the "N"  command example on
	               how to perform a "substitute" if all of the file is not
	               in the text buffer.

	Notes:         To completely kill a string  in an iteration macro, use
	               the command form: <Fs1$-nD$>$$

	See Also:      Commands: F, N, I

	Examples:      1000<Stypo$type$0LT>    Changes  all   occurrences   of
	                               "typo" to "type"  and prints  out every
	                               line that was changed.

	               1000<Sname$smith$V>$$   Change the  next  occurrence of
	                               "name" to "smith"  and  go  into Visual
	                               mode.  Any  changes  can   be  made  in
	                               Visual mode  and  when  Visual  mode is
	                               exited, the  next occurrence  of "name"
	                               will be searched and so on.































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 33
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                              mT     Type
	                              --     ----

	Example:       14T$$           -6T$$         0T$$

	Description:   This command prints  (types)  the  specified lines.  If
	               'm' is positive,  all characters from  the edit pointer
	               up to and including  the 'm'th [LF]  are typed.  If 'm'
	               is negative, the previous 'm'  lines and all characters
	               up to just preceding the  edit pointer are printed.  If
	               'm' is 0,  only  the  characters  on  the  present line
	               preceding the edit pointer are printed.  Fewer than 'm'
	               lines will be printed if either  end of the text buffer
	               is reached.  Note that  "0TT"  will  print  the current
	               line regardless of the position  of the edit pointer on
	               it.  This command does not move the edit pointer.  This
	               command is most useful in iteration macros for printing
	               selected lines.  Visual mode should be used for looking
	               at sections of a file.
	Notes:

	See Also:

	Examples:      1000<Fmoney$0TT>$$  Prints out every  line in  the text
	                               buffer with the string "money" in it.





	                      U     Unused (Free Memory)
	                      -     --------------------

	Example:       U$$

	Description:   This command prints the number of memory bytes free for
	               use by the  text buffer  or text  register, followed by
	               the number of  memory  bytes  used  by  the text buffer
	               (length of the text buffer),  followed by the number of
	               memory bytes used by  the text register  (length of the
	               text register).

	Notes:         These three numbers will not always  add up to the same
	               total, since several  other  buffers  all  use the same
	               memory space.  If the  number of free  bytes goes below
	               260, the "FULL" flag will be set when in visual mode.

	See Also:

	Examples:












	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 34
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                             V     Visual
	                             -     ------

	Example:       V$$

	Description:   This command  enters  Visual  Mode.  The  visual cursor
	               position will be  set  from  the  current  edit pointer
	               position.  Visual  mode  is  exited   with  either  the
	               "Visual Exit"  or  the  "Visual  Escape" character.  At
	               that time the edit pointer will  be set from the cursor
	               position.

	Notes:         The text register is preserved.

	See Also:      Visual Mode

	Examples:      Fhere$V$$       Find the word  "here" and  enter visual
	               mode.




	                             nW     Write
	                             --     -----

	Example:       20W$$           10000W$$         0W$$

	Description:   This command writes 'n' lines from the beginning of the
	               text buffer to the  output file and  then deletes these
	               lines from the text buffer.  If there are less than 'n'
	               lines in  the text  buffer, the  entire text  buffer is
	               written out and  deleted.  If 'n'  is zero,  the entire
	               text  buffer  up  to  the  line  the  edit  pointer  is
	               currently on,  is  written  out.  The  edit  pointer is
	               moved to the new  beginning of the  text buffer.  If no
	               output file is open, an error is printed and no text is
	               output nor deleted.  The output file can be opened with
	               an "EW" or "EB" command or when VEDIT is invoked.

	Notes:         No indication is  given  if  less  than  'n' lines were
	               written.

	See Also:      Commands: A, EB, EW, EX

	Examples:      EWpart1.txt$$
	               24W$$
	               EF$$
	               EWpart2.txt$$
	               EX$$            The first 24  lines of  the text buffer
	                               are written out to file "PART1.TXT" and
	                               the rest of the  text buffer is written
	                               out to file  "PART".TXT"  and  the edit
	                               session is completed.









	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 35
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                               Z     Zip
	                               -     ---

	Example:       Z$$

	Description:   This  command  moves  the  edit  pointer  to  the  last
	               character in the text buffer.

	Notes:         This command does not move the edit pointer to the last
	               character in the file  if the last part  of the file is
	               not yet in the text buffer.  See the "N" command on how
	               to bring the  last  part  of  the  file  into  the text
	               buffer.

	See Also:      Commands: B, N

	Example:       Z-100L$$        Positions the edit pointer to the 100th
	                               line before the end of the text buffer.

	               Z-12T$$         Prints the  last  twelve  lines  in the
	                               text buffer.

	               Nxcxc$Z-12T$$   Prints the  last  twelve  lines  in the
	                               file, assuming the  string "xcxc" never
	                               occurs in it.





































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 36
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                           EA     Edit Again
	                           --     ----------

	Example:       EA$$

	Description:   This command writes the  entire text buffer  out to the
	               output file, followed  by  the  remainder  of the input
	               file if  any  and  closes  the  output  file.  All file
	               backup and renaming  is performed  as with  the "EF" or
	               "EX" command.  The output file is then reopened as both
	               the input and output file and an auto-read on the input
	               file is performed.  This command thus starts a new edit
	               session and  is  functionally  equivalent  to  an  "EX"
	               command followed by invoking VEDIT  again with the name
	               of the current output file.  This  command has two main
	               purposes.  First,  it  acts  a  method  of  saving  the
	               currently edited file  on disk  as a  safeguard against
	               losing the file  due  to  a  user  error,  or hardware,
	               software or power failure.  Second, it acts as a method
	               of accessing the beginning of a large file after it has
	               been written out  to disk.  This is  especially true in
	               the case a block of  text is to be  moved from the rear
	               of a large file to the front, since the contents of the
	               text register are not affected by the "EA" command.  If
	               the "Start in  Visual Mode"  switch is  set, the editor
	               will go into visual mode following the "EA" command.

	Notes:         Any commands following  the  "EA"  on  the command line
	               will be ignored, since the command line is cleared.

	See Also:      Commands: B, G, EX
	               Visual Restart

	Example:
	               132P132K$$
	               EA$$
	               10LG$$          Moves 132 lines  of text,  by saving it
	                               in  the  text   register,  killing  the
	                               original lines  and inserting  the text
	                               after the  tenth line  of the  file, in
	                               the situation  where  the  beginning of
	                               the file  is  no  longer  in  the  text
	                               buffer.



















	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 37
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                      EBfile[ESC]     Edit Backup
	                      -----------     -----------

	Example:       EBfile.txt$$

	Description:   This command opens the  file 'file' for  both input and
	               output and then performs an  auto-read on the file.  It
	               is similar to the sequence of commands:
	               ERfile[ESC]EWfile[ESC]0A$$
	               except that if the file does not yet exist on disk, the
	               message "NEW FILE"  is printed.  If  an output  file is
	               still open, an error is printed  and the command has no
	               other effect.

	Notes:         The term "backup" is used here to describe this command
	               since the term is used by some other editors to perform
	               a  similar   operation.  Remember  that   VEDIT  always
	               creates a "backup"  of a file  on disk, if  its name is
	               used as the name of the output file.

	See Also:      Commands: ER, EW

	Example:       10000W$EF$$
	               EBnewfile.txt$$ The entire  text buffer  is written out
	                               to the current  output file,  that file
	                               is closed,  and the  file "NEWFILE.TXT"
	                               is opened for input and output and read
	                               in.

	               ERpart1.txt$0A$$
	               EBpart2.txt$$   The file "PART1.TXT"  is read  into the
	                               text buffer,  the  file  "PART2.TXT" is
	                               then made the current  input and output
	                               file and is appended to  the end of the
	                               previous file "PART1.TXT".



























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 38
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                      EF     Edit Finish (Close)
	                      --     -------------------

	Example:       EF$$

	Description:   This command  closes the  output file  and the  file is
	               saved on disk.  No file is  saved on disk before either
	               this command or an "EX"  command is executed.  A backup
	               of any existing file on disk  with the same name as the
	               output file is  created  by  renaming  it  with  a file
	               extension of ".BAK".

	Notes:         Since the output file is  actually opened with the CP/M
	               file extension ".$$$",  the .$$$ file  is first closed,
	               then any existing file  on disk  with the  same name as
	               the output file is renamed to  .BAK, and last, the .$$$
	               file is renamed to the true output file name.

	See Also:      Commands: EW, EX

	Example:       EWsave.txt$$
	               10000W$EF$$     The contents  of  the  text  buffer  is
	                               written out as the  file "SAVE.TXT" and
	                               that file is then closed.






































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 39
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                           EQ     Edit Quit
	                           --     ---------

	Example:       EQ$$

	Description:   This command quits the edit session without writing out
	               the text buffer  or closing any  output file.  Its main
	               purpose to "quit" after one  has made a mistake editing
	               and it seems best to leave  everything on disk just the
	               way it was  before  this  edit  session  began.  DO NOT
	               confuse this  command  with  the  "EA"  command;  their
	               results are  quite  opposite.  Remember  that  the "EA"
	               command starts a new edit session.

	Notes:         Any output file  with  the  file  extension ".$$$" will
	               also be deleted.  Any  original file  on disk  with the
	               same name as the output file,  but with an extension of
	               ".BAK"  will  have  been  deleted   if  more  than  128
	               characters were written  to  the  (now  deleted) output
	               file.  With the exception of this possible backup file,
	               all other files  will exist  on disk  just as  they did
	               before the aborted edit session.

	See Also:      Commands: EA

	Example:       1000K$$         Shoot!! Meant -1000K$$
	               EQ$$            Since a bad  mistake  was  made  in the
	                               above command, it is best to abort this
	                               edit session, go back to CP/M and start
	                               over.
































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 40
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                       ERfile[ESC]     Edit Read
	                       -----------     ---------

	Example:       ERnewfile.txt$$

	Description:   This command opens the file 'file' for input (reading).
	               Nothing is read into the text buffer with this command.
	               The "A"  command or  an auto-read  is used  to actually
	               read the input file.  If the same file was already open
	               for input, the file is "rewound",  so that the file can
	               again be read from the  beginning.  An error is printed
	               if the file 'file' does not exist.

	Notes:

	See Also:      Commands: A, EB, EW

	Example:       ERparts.inv$$
	               20A$$           The  file  "PARTS.INV"  is  opened  for
	                               input and  twenty  lines  from  it  are
	                               appended to the end of the text buffer.




	                       ES n k[ESC]     Edit Set
	                       -----------     --------

	Example:       ES 1 0$$        ES 3 1$$

	Description:   This command changes  the value  of switch  'n' to 'k'.
	               Currently  there  are  8   switches.  The  numbers  are
	               specified in decimal and separated by spaces or commas.
	               The default values  of  these  switches  are determined
	               during the customization process.  An error is given if
	               'n' is specified out of range.  The switches are:

	               1~~~~Expand Tab with spaces~~~~~~~~~(0=NO 1=YES)
	               2~~~~Auto buffering in visual mode~~(0=NO 1=YES)
	               3~~~~Start in visual mode~~~~~~~~~~~(0=NO 1=YES)
	               4~~~~Point past text reg. insert~~~~(0=NO 1=YES)
	               5~~~~Cursor type~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(0, 1 or 2)
	               6~~~~Cursor blink rate~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(10 - 100)
	               7~~~~Lower case convert~~~~~~~~~~~~~(0, 1 or 2)
	               8~~~~Conditional convert character~~(32 - 126)

	                    Switch (1) determines  whether or not  the tab key
	               in visual mode is expanded with  spaces to the next tab
	               position.  If not, a tab character is inserted into the
	               text buffer.  Except for special  applications, the tab
	               key would not normally be expanded with spaces.











	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 41
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                    Switch   (2)    determines    whether    or    not
	               auto-buffering is enabled in  visual mode.  The editing
	               of a large file is usually simpler with this switch on,
	               since  the  user   does  not  need   to  give  explicit
	               Read/Write commands.  If  some  more  complicated  file
	               handling, with explicit Read/Write commands (ER, EW, A,
	               W) is being done, the switch should then temporarily be
	               set off.
	                    Switch (3)  determines  whether  or  not  the edit
	               session will  begin  in  visual  mode.   Changing  this
	               switch while running VEDIT will  only apply to the "EA"
	               command.
	                    Switch (4) determines the  edit pointer's position
	               (or cursor's in  visual  mode)  following  insertion of
	               the text register.  If  the  switch  is  off,  the edit
	               pointer is not moved, and is thus left at the beginning
	               of the newly inserted  text.  If the switch  is on, the
	               edit pointer is  moved  just  past  the  newly inserted
	               text.
	                    Switch (5) determines the type of cursor displayed
	               in visual mode in memory mapped versions of VEDIT.  The
	               CRT terminal versions use the terminals cursor instead.
	               The  cursor  types  are:  0=Underline,  1=Blink  Block,
	               2=Block.
	                    Switch (6) determines the  cursor's blink rate for
	               cursor types 0 and 1 above.
	                    Switch   (7)   determines   whether   lower   case
	               characters are converted to  upper case.  For value (0)
	               no conversion takes place,  for (1) all  lower case are
	               converted to  upper case,  and for  (2) lower  case are
	               converted to upper  case, unless  the cursor  is past a
	               "special" character on  the text  line.  This "special"
	               character  is  set  by  switch  (8).  All  of  this  is
	               primarily applicable to  assembly language programming,
	               where it  is desirable  to have  the Label,  Opcode and
	               Operand in upper  case  and  the  comment  in upper and
	               lower case.
	                    Switch (8) sets  the conditional  upper/lower case
	               convert character used for switch (7) above.

	Notes:         While the switch  values were  specified in hexadecimal
	               during customization, they must be specified in decimal
	               in command mode.

	See Also:      Customization, Visual Mode

	Example:       ES 1 1$$        This enables tabs  typed in visual mode
	                               to be expanded with spaces.














	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 42
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                            ET     Edit Tab
	                            --     --------

	Example:       ET 20 40 60 80 100 120$$

	Description:   This command changes  the tab  table used  by VEDIT for
	               displaying tab characters, and in Visual mode, when the
	               "Expand  Tab"   switch  is   set,  for   expanding  tab
	               characters.  Up to 30  tab  positions  are  allowed and
	               they must  be  in  the  range  1  -  254.  The  default
	               positions  are  set   during  customization.  For  word
	               processing the tabs can be set to the same positions as
	               are specified for the text  formatting program in order
	               to see  how they  will look  in the  final product.  An
	               error is printed if a bad position is given.  No tab is
	               needed at position 1, and counting  starts at 1 (not at
	               zero).  Thus the normal tab positions would be:

	               9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97
	               105 113 121 129

	Notes:         For use in Visual mode, there  must be at least one tab
	               position per screen line.

	See Also:      Customization, Visual Mode

	Example:




	                          EV     Edit Version
	                          --     ------------

	Example:       EV$$

	Description:   This command  prints  the  VEDIT  version number.  This
	               number should be  used in  any correspondence  you have
	               with  us  concerning  the   operation  of  VEDIT.  This
	               command can also  be  used  inside  iteration macros to
	               give some indication of the progress being made in long
	               executing macros.

	Notes:

	See Also:

	Example:














	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 43
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                      EWfile[ESC]     Edit Write
	                      -----------     ----------

	Example:       EWnewdat.inv$$

	Description:   This command  opens  the  file  'file'  for  output and
	               subsequent writing.  No text is actually writen by this
	               command.  Some file must be opened  for output in order
	               to save any text on disk.  A file can also be opened by
	               the "EB", "EA" commands and  when VEDIT is invoked from
	               CP/M.  If a file is  already open for  output, an error
	               is printed and no other action takes place.

	Notes:         The file opened is  actually a temporary  file with the
	               same name, but  with an extension  of ".$$$".  The file
	               is not made permanent and given  its true name until it
	               is closed with  the "EF",  "EA", or  "EX" commands.  At
	               that time, any existing file on disk with the same name
	               as the output file is backed  up by renaming it with an
	               extension of  ".BAK".  Any existing  file on  disk with
	               that name and the  .BAK extension will  be deleted when
	               more than 128 bytes  (the first sector)  are written to
	               the output file.

	See Also:      Commands: W, EA, EF, EX

	Example:       EWpart1.txt$$
	               24W$$
	               EF$$
	               EWpart2.txt$$
	               EX$$            The first 24  lines of  the text buffer
	                               are written out to file "PART1.TXT" and
	                               the rest of the  text buffer is written
	                               out  to   file  "PART".TXT"   and  edit
	                               session is completed.



























	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 44
	Command Mode - Detailed Command Description


	                           EX     Edit Exit
	                           --     ---------

	Example:       EX$$

	Description:   This is  the  normal  exit  from  VEDIT  when  the file
	               currently being edited is to written out to disk.  This
	               command writes the entire text buffer out to the output
	               file, followed by  the remainder  of the  input file if
	               any, closes  the output  file and  exits back  to CP/M.
	               All file backup and  renaming is done  as with the "EF"
	               command.  An error is  printed  if  no  output  file is
	               open, and no other action is taken.
	Notes:

	See Also:      Commands: EB, EF, EW, EA, EQ

	Example:       VEDIT FILE.TXT
	               V$$
	               EX$$            The editor is invoked in the normal way
	                               to edit a file.  The  file is edited in
	                               visual mode, and when  done, the normal
	                               exit back to CP/M is made.







































	VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 45
	Command Mode - Line Editing


	     Several common control characters are  recognized in command mode
	as line editing characters.  They are:


	[CTRL-H] or [BACKSPACE] Delete the  last  character  typed  and echo a
	                        [CTRL-H] to the console.

	[RUBOUT] or [DELETE]    Delete the last  character typed  and echo the
	                        deleted character to the console.

	[CTRL-U]                Delete the entire command line  and send a "#"
	                        to the console.

	[CTRL-R]                Doesn't change the  command  line,  but echoes
	                        the entire command line back to the console.
















































VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 47
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


           Customizing VEDIT

Introduction
------------

     VEDIT has to be customized  before the first time  it is used and
can then be customized again, when the  user has a new keyboard, a new
display board, a significant  change in memory size  or just wishes to
change some default parameters or try a new keyboard layout.

     VEDIT is supplied as one or several  disk files, each with a file
extension of ".SET", i.e. VEDITZM.SET, VT8-H19.SET.  The customization
process does not alter  the .SET file,  but rather creates  a new file
with the file extension  of ".COM" which is  the executable version of
the customized editor.

     VEDIT is  customized  with  the  use  of  the  supplied  programs
VEDSET.COM for the  memory mapped  versions, and  VDSETCRT.COM for the
CRT terminal versions.  Running  VEDSET (or  VDSETCRT) simply involves
typing a control key or a number in response to the questions it asks.
Since the customization program  is so easy to  run, you will probably
run it several times in  the first week that  you have VEDIT until you
have everything "just right".  You  can of course  also create several
versions of VEDIT, each for a special application.

Getting started
---------------

     The first and  most  difficult  step  is  determining the desired
keyboard layout for the  visual mode  cursor movement  keys and visual
function keys.  The  layout  will  depend  to  some  extent  upon your
keyboard, especially if  you have  one with  extra keys  which produce
control codes.  If extra keys are available,  you may want to allocate
them to the most used visual  operations such as the cursor movements.
The more extra keys you have,  the easier the layout becomes.  To help
out the  new  user  of  VEDIT,  an  example  keyboard  layout  is also
enclosed.

     When you decide  to try  out your  own layout,  you will  want to
avoid placing the  keys you  least want  to hit  by accident,  such as
[Erase End Of Line] or [Home], right next to the cursor movement keys.
In the event  that  you  have  no  or  few  special  keys, most visual
operations will involve  holding  the  CONTROL  key  while  you type a
letter, or using escape  sequences.  In this case,  the layout will be
tight and difficult  to  organize.  One  strategy  is  to use mnemonic
letters, such as  CTRL-D  for  [DELETE]  and  CTRL-U  for [CURSOR UP].
Another is to arrange  the keys  in some  logical manner,  such as the
cursor movement keys  on  one  side  of  the  keyboard  and the visual
function keys on  the  other  side.  Use  of  at  least  a  few escape
sequences may simplify  the layout too.  Trying  out some combinations
on paper is probably the easiest way to accomplish the layout task.











VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 48
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


     VEDIT also  handles two  character escape  sequences.  Instead of
typing  the  single  character  CONTROL-Q,   the  user  may  type  two
characters, i.e. ESC and Q, to perform a visual operation.  All escape
sequences begin with the  same escape  character.  While the  ESC is a
common key to use  as the escape character,  any other ASCII character
may be used as  the escape character, even  displayable ones like "@".
The special function  keys on some  keyboards, like the  Heath H19 and
H89 also send two character escape sequences.

     When laying out the  keyboard,  the  user  may  therefore use any
combination of control  characters, special  function keys  and escape
sequences for the  visual operations.  Some  users will  prefer to use
function  keys  and  control  characters  for  the  most  used  visual
operations, and escape  sequences  for  the  less used operations.  If
escape sequences are used,  a key like  ESC or FORM  FEED is suggested
for the escape mode  character.  Any other character  may then follow,
including  numbers,   control  characters   or  even   another  escape
character.  An Escape and  Control  character  combination  would be a
good choice  for operations  you don't  want to  hit by  mistake, like
[HOME], [ZEND] or  [RESTART EDITOR].  You  may use  an escape sequence
consisting of two escape characters  in a row.  In fact  if ESC is the
escape character,  then  "ESC - ESC"  is  the  suggested  sequence for
[VISUAL ESCAPE].  In the  unusual  case  that  a displayable character
like "@" is used as the escape character, a "@ - @" cannot be used for
a visual operation, since  in this  case,  "@ - @" will  be treated by
VEDIT as the normal "@" character.

     While all of this is complicated  enough already, there are a few
pitfalls to avoid  too.  (You  are  well  advised  to  use the example
keyboard layout at  first.) The  only key  which is  predefined is the
RETURN or  CR key  which is  also CTRL-M  and cannot  be used  for any
visual operation.  The special function keys  on some keyboards send a
code  identical   to   a   control   character.  You   may   therefore
unintentionally use the same  control code for  two visual operations,
in which case only the second visual function will be available.  Some
keyboards have special function keys which  send a character with data
bit 7 set  (sometimes  called  the  parity  bit).  These work properly
since the VEDIT  programs  decode  all  8  bits.  (Technical  note: An
escape sequence treats the second character  as having Bit 7 set.  The
escape mode character itself must not have Bit 7 set.)

     The second decision  during  customization  is  to  determine the
desired Tab positions and whether tabs should be expanded with spaces.
Unless you have  some  special  application,  don't  expand  tabs with
spaces, it will  use up  lots of  disk space.  Where  you set  the tab
positions will only  be applicable  to VEDIT  since most  CP/M utility
programs set the tab  positions at  every 8th  position.  This is thus
the best choice for VEDIT, too.  An exception  would be where you do a
lot of word processing with the same tab positions.  The tab positions
and the switch  (switch (1)  see below)  determining whether  tabs are
expanded  with  spaces  can  be  changed  while  running  VEDIT,  too.
Assuming you do want the tabs at every 8th position, the tab positions










VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 49
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


would be :

9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 etc.

     These are also the default positions.

     Four special characters can also be customized.  The first is the
line continuation indicator used in visual  mode in reserved column 0.
We suggest a "-"  or reverse video  "-", codes "2D"  or "AD" hex.  The
next two characters are  the enclosing brackets  for iteration macros.
They are printed as "[" and "]" in  this manual (codes 5B and 5D hex).
Some users may be more  used to the " "  and " " angle brackets (codes
3C and 3E  hex).  Use either  set, but  it may  help if  your keyboard
produces one set  without  needing  the  Shift  key.  The  fourth only
applies to memory mapped  versions, and is the  character used for the
blinking  "underline"  cursor.  While  this   would  normally  be  the
underline character, (code 5F  hex), users with  displays which do not
produce reverse video, such  as the  Sorcerer, may  wish to  try a hex
code of "7F" which is commonly a solid block.

     You even have the  choice of whether the  letters and messages on
the status line  appear  with  Bit  7  set.  This  has  the  effect of
creating reverse video  on many  memory mapped  displays, but normally
has no  effect  on  CRT  terminals.  Some  displays,  such  as  on the
Sorcerer and TRS-80 Model I, do  not produce reverse video, but rather
graphic characters when Bit 7 is set.

     Next you have to  decide on the default  settings of several more
switches (switches (2) - (8)).  Remember  that the switch settings can
be  changed  while  running   VEDIT.  Switch  (2)  determines  whether
auto-buffering is enabled during visual  mode.  The first time around,
we suggest you enable auto-buffering.  After some practice and reading
the section on Auto Read/Write,  you may decide otherwise.  Switch (3)
determines whether VEDIT starts  in Visual mode  or command mode.  The
first time around, we  suggest  you  set  this  switch on.  Switch (4)
determines whether the edit pointer's  position (or cursor's in Visual
mode) is moved  just  past  the  newly  inserted  text,  when the text
register is inserted.  Again,  for the  first time  around, we suggest
that you set  this  switch  on.  After  some  practice  with  the text
register, you will know which way you prefer to have this switch.

     Switch (5) is  only  applicable  to  memory  mapped versions, and
determines  the   cursor  type.  The   cursor  types   are  0=Blinking
Underline, 1=Blinking Block, 2=Solid  Reverse Video Block.  Most users
seem to prefer type 1.  Switch (6) determines the cursor's blink rate.
Start off with the suggested value  given with the VEDSET prompt.  The
CRT terminal versions  always use  the terminal's  cursor and switches
(5) and (6)  may therefore be  set to an  arbitrary value.  Switch (7)
controls upper to lower case  conversion.  This is described under the
"ES" command.  Start with  a value  of "0"  for no conversion.  Switch
(8) is related  to  switch  (7)  and  again  described  under the "ES"
command.  Supplying a value  of "3B"  hex, makes  the ";"  the special










VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 50
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


conditional character.

     Two more parameters that can be  customized pertain to the memory
size of CP/M  you are  running.  For details  on these  two parameters
please refer to the section below.  While  these two parameters can be
specified for many special applications, it is probably best to follow
the table below the first  few times, until you  have a good 'feel' of
the operational characteristics  of  VEDIT.  The  first  value must be
specified in bytes between  1024 and 32768, and  the second value must
be specified in K  bytes between 1  and 32. (A  "K byte" is  a unit of
1024 bytes. 1024 = 2 ** 10.)

CP/M size     Value for Spare     Value for Transfer

16K           1526                2
20K           2304                3
24K           3072                4
28K           4096                5
32K           4096                6
36K           5120                7
40K           6144                8
44K           6144                9
48K           7168                10
52K           7168                11
56K           8192                12
60K           8192                13
64K           8192                14

    The last information  needed  for  customization  pertains to your
display board or CRT terminal.  First, you  need to know the number of
lines and the number of characters per line that it produces.  16 x 64
and 24 x 80 are  the most common values.  You  also have the choice of
how many columns on a line are  actually used.  You want to use all of
them, unless you have a special application or unusual hardware.

     For the  memory  mapped  versions,  you  also  need  to  know the
beginning address of the  display board  in memory  in hexadecimal and
whether it requires any data bytes output  to a port to initialize it.
For example, many 16 x 64 boards have an address of CC00 hex.  Most of
these boards  do  not  need  any  intialization,  except  the Procesor
Technology VDM board, which for VEDIT should  have a 00 output to Port
C8 hex.  The CRT terminal  version does not ask  for the display board
address, but does  ask for  the number  or initialization bytes.  This
should normally be answered with a zero (0).


















VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 51
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


Running VEDSET
--------------

     Having figured out everything  above, you are  (finally) ready to
actually customize VEDIT  for yourself.  You now  decide which version
of VEDIT you want to customize.  The names of the various versions and
a short description are supplied on a sheet separate from this manual.

     Assuming you have  chosen  the  VEDITZM  version,  the customized
editor is to  be  called  VEDIT  and  the  disk  with  VEDITZM.SET and
VEDSET.COM is the currently logged in  disk, the command to run VEDSET
would be:

VEDSET VEDITZM VEDIT

     A similar command for the 8080 H19 CRT terminal version would be:

VDSETCRT VT8-H19 VEDIT

     VEDSET (VDSETCRT)  will  now  prompt  with  questions  which  are
answered by typing the control  code to setup the  keyboard, or with a
number, or 'Y' for  Yes or 'N'  for No.  The questions  with a numeric
answer also require a RETURN at the end of the line.  Unless otherwise
specified, typing a  RUBOUT or CTRL-U  will ignore the  input for that
question and repeat  the last question.  The  following steps describe
the answer to each question.

1.)   ENTER ESCAPE MODE CHARACTER
      If  you  choose  to  use   escape  sequences,  type  the  escape
      character, such as ESC or FORM FEED.  Else type RETURN.

      TYPE CONTROL CHARACTERS FOR ....
      When prompted for each visual operation, you may enter a special
      function  key,  a  control  character  or  an  escape  sequence.
      Disallowed characters, are  the  normal  displayable characters.
      Typing one of these will cause  a reprompt.  You may not want to
      use all the functions  available and in  this case type [RETURN]
      for the function.  Specifically,  you will probably  want to use
      either [SET INSERT  MODE]  and  [RESET  INSERT  MODE] or [SWITCH
      INSERT MODE], but not all three  functions.  You may wish not to
      use [RESTART] in the  VEDIT version, since  the function is also
      available in command  mode.  Do choose  something which  you are
      very unlikely  to  hit  by  mistake  for  this  function.  Don't
      confuse [TAB CURSOR]  with  the  tab  character,  since  it is a
      cursor movement operation.  If  you make  a mistake  during this
      step, you will have to start over at the last step.

2.)   DO YOU WISH TO USE THE DEFAULT TAB POSITIONS? (Y OR N)
      Enter "Y" if you want  the tabs at every  8th position, which is
      the normal for  CP/M.  Otherwise,  enter  "N"  and the following
      message appears:











VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 52
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


      ENTER UP TO 30 TAB POSITIONS IN DECIMAL
      Enter the desired  tab  positions,  separating  the numbers with
      spaces or commas and  following the  last number  with a RETURN.
      Don't be concerned if your input line goes off the right side of
      your terminal or screen.  Note that you  need no tab at position
      1 and that  the positions  are counted  starting from  1, not 0.
      You must also specify at least  one tab position per screen line
      and the highest  allowed  position  is  254.  Entering  a number
      outside of the range 1-254 will give  an error and a reprompt of
      the question.  If you  make a  mistake, typing  CTRL-U or RUBOUT
      will start the question over.

3.)                                                         Suggest
      HEX CODE FOR SCREEN CONTINUATION CHARACTER               2D
      HEX CODE FOR COMMAND ITERATION LEFT BRACKET              3C
      HEX CODE FOR COMMAND ITERATION RIGHT BRACKET             3E
      HEX CODE FOR CURSOR CHARACTER                            5F

      Enter the number  in  hexadecimal  and  a  RETURN following each
      question. Typing a  CTRL-U or  RUBOUT will  start over  with the
      first switch.

4.)   REVERSE VIDEO ON STATUS LINE  (0=NO, 1=YES)
      If your display produces reverse video, answer with a "1" for
      Yes.  If you have a Sorcerer, TRS-80 Model I, or some other
      display which does not produce reverse video when Bit 7 is
      set, answer with a "0" for No.

5.)                                                         Suggest
      (1) EXPAND TAB WITH SPACES            (0=NO 1=YES)       0
      (2) AUTO BUFFERING IN VISUAL MODE     (0=NO 1=YES)       1
      (3) BEGIN IN VISUAL MODE              (0=NO 1=YES)       1
      (4) POINT PAST TEXT REG. INSERT       (0=NO 1=YES)       1
      (5) CURSOR TYPE                       (0, 1 or 2)        1
      (6) CURSOR BLINK RATE (10 is fastest) (10 - 100)      See Prompt
      (7) LOWER CASE CONVERT                (0, 1 or 2)        0
      (8) CONDITIONAL CONVERT CHARACTER     (20 - 7E)          3B

      Enter the number  in  hexadecimal  and  a  RETURN following each
      question. Typing a  CTRL-U or  RUBOUT will  start over  with the
      first switch.  CRT version users may answer switches (5) and (6)
      with an arbitrary value.

6.)   SIZE IN DECIMAL OF SPARE MEMORY FOR AUTO READ
      Enter the decimal number followed  by a RETURN.  The number must
      be in the range 1024  - 32768 or an error  will be given and the
      question given again.  Typing  a CTRL-U  or RUBOUT  will restart
      the question.

7.)   SIZE IN DECIMAL OF FILE MOVE TRANSFERS IN K BYTES
      Enter the decimal  number signifying  the multiple  of 1K (1024)
      bytes desired, followed by a RETURN.  The number entered must be










VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 53
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


      in the range 1 - 32.

8.)   ENTER NUMBER OF SCREEN LINES IN DECIMAL
      Enter the number of  lines  your  video  display  produces and a
      RETURN. The number  must  be  in  the  range  6  -  32  for most
      versions, and 6 - 70 for large screen versions.

9.)   ENTER LINE MOVEMENT FOR PAGING IN DECIMAL
      Enter  the  number  of  screen  lines  you  wish  [PAGE UP]  and
      [PAGE DOWN] to move through the text by.  About 3/4 of the total
      number of screen lines is suggested.

10.)  ENTER TOP LINE FOR CURSOR IN DECIMAL
      This sets the  top screen  line the  cursor can  normally be on,
      before the screen  will begin to  scroll down.  This, therefore,
      is the minimum  number of lines  you will always  see before the
      line you are editing.

11.)  ENTER BOTTOM LINE FOR CURSOR IN DECIMAL
      This is similar  to the previous  step, except that  it sets the
      bottom line range for  the cursor.  This number  must be greater
      than or equal to  the "Top Line  For Cursor" and  at most be one
      less than the "Number  of Screen  Lines", since  the very bottom
      line is only used for status.

12.)  ENTER SCREEN LINE LENGTH IN DECIMAL
      Enter the  number  of  characters  per  line  your  video  board
      produces and a  RETURN.  This number must  be in the  range 20 -
      255.  Note that this number depends upon  the video board and be
      sure that you don't confuse it with the next number.

13.)  ENTER LENGTH OF DISPLAYED LINE IN DECIMAL
      Enter the number  of  characters  per  line  you  want  VEDIT to
      actually display and a RETURN.  This number must be less than or
      equal to the above  length  of  a  screen  line.  It normally is
      equal to the screen line length unless for some reason you don't
      wish to use the full line length.

14.)  ENTER ADDRESS OF SCREEN IN HEXADECIMAL
      This question is  only  asked  for  the  Memory Mapped versions.
      Enter the memory address of the  beginning of the video board in
      hexadecimal and a RETURN.

14.)  ENTER NUMBER OF VIDEO BOARD INITIALIZATION BYTES
      Enter "0" if your board requires no initialization.  CRT version
      users would normally  answer  with  a  "0".  Otherwise,  enter a
      number between  "1" and  "5", for  the number  of "data  byte" /
      "port number" pairs needed for initialization.

      ENTER [RUBOUT] OR [CTRL-U] TO START PAIR OVER
      ENTER DATA BYTE
      ENTER PORT NUMBER










VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 54
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


      The number of 'data byte'/ 'port number' pairs specified must be
      entered in hexadecimal  with  each  number  followed  by RETURN.
      Typing a CTRL-U or RUBOUT  will ignore  any values for that pair
      and reprompt with the "ENTER DATA  BYTE" question for that pair.
      (The Processor Technology  VDM board  requires one  pair, a "00"
      sent to port "C8" hex.)

16.)  WAS THE CUSTOMIZATION DONE CORRECTLY (Y OR N)
      Enter  'Y'  if   you  think  you   performed  the  customization
      correctly, and your customized version  of VEDIT will be created
      on disk.  Otherwise, enter 'N'  if you want  to start completely
      over again with step 1.


















































VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 55
Appendix B - Customizing with VEDSET


More on the Memory Parameters for Customization.

The first parameter determines how many bytes of memory are free after
VEDIT does an auto-read (such as following an EB command) on files too
large to fit in  memory  all  at  the  same  time.  This  size must be
specified between 1024 and  32768.  A reasonable size  is about 1/4 of
the size of the  text buffer for  small systems and  a little less for
large systems.  The  CP/M operating  system (BDOS  and BIOS)  takes up
about 4K of memory and  VEDIT up to 8K.  The  rest of the memory space
is for  the text  buffer and  text register.  Thus  a 16K  CP/M system
would have a 5K buffer,  and a 48K system  a 37K buffer.  Chosing a 1K
(1024 byte) multiple  makes  the  disk  read/write  work  a little bit
faster.  The second parameter  specifies  the  size  of file transfers
during auto-buffering  and for  the 'N'  command.  See the  section on
auto-buffering for  details.  For normal  use, a  value about  1/3 the
size of the text buffer is  good.  (Specifying a value larger than one
half the maximum text buffer size  may create a non-working version of
VEDIT.)

     The details of auto-buffering are not  important to the new user,
but are included  here.  When auto-buffering is  initiated, an attempt
is made to read  the number of K  bytes specified during customization
under "Size of File Transfers".  If there is insufficient memory space
for appending this  many bytes, this  many bytes are  written from the
beginning  of the  text buffer  to the  output file.  An  auto-read is
then performed which reads in the rest of the input file, or until the
memory is filled to within the  number of spare bytes specified during
customization under "Spare Memory for READ".

A Word About Keyboards

     With the simplest keyboards,  each visual operation  will have to
be activated  by holding  the CONTROL  key and  typing some  letter or
using an  escape sequence.  Moving  up, keyboards  will have  keys for
Backspace, Tab and  Line  Feed,  which  can  be  used  to  perform the
described function.  Some keyboards with a  'decimal' or 'hex' pad can
send control codes by holding the SHIFT  or CONTROL key and typing one
of the pad  keys.  The pad  can then  be used  for most  of the visual
operations.  In some cases, the keyboard  will have many special keys,
which send a control  code just by  typing one of  them.  In the ideal
case, these control codes will be sent  with the highest data bit set.
(This is Bit 7 and is often called the parity bit.  The ASCII standard
code does not use  Bit 7  and even  a "Full  ASCII" keyboard will send
nothing on  Bit  7  or  else  parity  information.  Some  very special
keyboards, usually ones with 70-100 keys on  them, use Bit 7 to decode
all those keys.  Since VEDIT and VEDSET  decode  all 8 data lines from
the keyboard,  these  fancy  keyboards  can  be  used  to  their  full
advantage.  Alternately,  a  hardware  inclined  user  can  rig  up  a
separate keypad in  parallel with  the main  keyboard, but  which only
sends control codes with the top  bit set.  Some keyboards can also be
modified so that typing one of the pad keys will set the top bit.)











VEDIT - Visual Editor                                         Page 58
Appendix D - VEDIT Notes


     We are interested in  hearing  from  users  about  any changes or
additions they would  like to see  in VEDIT, or  even just information
about  their  application.  We  are  also  interested  in  suggestions
regarding this   manual.  Each   suggestion   will   receive  personal
attention  and  helpful  suggestions  have  a  good  chance  of  being
incorporated in future releases, since we are planning on continuously
expanding the features of VEDIT.

     Currently we know of the following limitations to VEDIT.

1.)   Lines longer than  256 characters,  not including  the CR,LF are
      not handled well in  visual mode.  When the cursor  is on such a
      line only the first  256 characters will  be displayed. The line
      may be broken into smaller lines by deleting two characters with
      the [Back Space], typing  [RETURN] to split the  line in two and
      typing in the two deleted characters again.

2.)   There must be at  least  one  tab  position  per  screen line in
      visual mode.