The Khronos^® Vulkan^® API Registry

Jon Leech :data-uri: :icons: font :toc2: :toclevels: 3 :numbered: :source-highlighter: rouge :rouge-style: github :doctype: book :imagewidth: 800 :fullimagewidth: width="800" :attribute-missing: warn :cl: :

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Introduction

This document describes the Khronos Vulkan API Registry schema, and provides some additional information about using the registry and scripts to generate a variety of outputs, including C header files as well as several types of asciidoc include files used in the Vulkan API specification and reference pages. The underlying XML files and scripts are located on the Khronos public GitHub server at URL

https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs

The authoritative copy of the Registry is maintained in the default branch, currently main.

The registry uses an XML representation of the Vulkan API, together with a set of Python scripts to manipulate the registry once loaded. The scripts rely on the Python etree package to parse and operate on XML. An XML schema and validator target are included.

The schema is based on, but not identical to that used for the previously published OpenGL, OpenGL ES and EGL API registries. It was extended to represent additional types and concepts not needed for those APIs, such as structure and enumerant types, as well as additional types of registered information specific to Vulkan.

The Vulkan C header files generated from the registry are checked into a separate repository under

https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Headers/

Schema Choices

The XML schema is not pure XML all the way down. In particular, command return types/names and parameters, and structure members, are described in mixed-mode tag containing C declarations of the appropriate information, with some XML nodes annotating particular parts of the declaration such as its base type and name. This choice is based on prior experience with the SGI .spec file format used to describe OpenGL, and greatly eases human reading and writing the XML, and generating C-oriented output. The cost is that people writing output generators for other languages will have to include enough logic to parse the C declarations and extract the relevant information.

People who do not find the supplied Python scripts to suit their needs are likely to write their own parsers, interpreters, and/or converters operating on the registry XML. We hope that we have provided enough information in this document, the RNC schema (registry.rnc), and comments in the Registry (vk.xml) itself to enable such projects. If not and you need clarifications; if you have other problems using the registry; or if you have proposed changes and enhancements, then please file issues on Khronos' public GitHub project at

https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs/issues

Please tag your issues with [Registry] in the subject line to help us categorize them.

Normative References

Normative references are references to external documents or resources to which documentation authors must comply.

Jon Leech and Tobias Hector. Vulkan Documentation and Extensions: Procedures and Conventions (February 26, 2023). https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3/styleguide.html .

Khronos Vulkan Working Group. Vulkan 1.3.242 - A Specification (February 26, 2023). https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/ .

Getting Started

See xml/README.adoc in the Vulkan-Docs repository for information on required toolchain components such as Python 3, g++, and GNU make.

Once you have the right tools installed, perform the following steps:

Check out the Vulkan-Docs repository linked above from Khronos GitHub (there are instructions at the link)
cd to the root directory in your checked-out repo
Switch to the default branch (main).
Invoke make clean ; make install ; make test

This should regenerate vulkan_core.h and a variety of platform-specific headers, install them in ../include/vulkan/, and verify that the headers build properly. If you build at the latest repository tag, the resulting headers should be identical to the latest versions in the Vulkan-Headers repository.

The install target also generates source code for a simple extension loader library in ../src/ext_loader/.

Other Makefile targets in xml/ include:

validate - validate vk.xml against the XML schema. Recommended if you are making nontrivial changes.
The asciidoc includes used by the Vulkan API Specification and Reference Pages are built using the 'make generated' target in the parent directory Makefile, although they use the scripts and XML in this directory. These files are generated dynamically when building the specs, since their contents depend on the exact set of extensions the Specification is being built to include.

If you just want to modify the API, changing vk.xml and running make should be all that is needed. See Examples / FAQ / How Do I? for some examples of modifying the XML.

If you want to use the registry for reasons other than generating the header file, extension loader, and asciidoc includes, or to generate headers for languages other than C, start with the Makefile rules and the files vk.xml and scripts genvk.py, reg.py, and generator.py. The scripts are described below and are all located in the scripts directory under the repository root.

Header Generation Script - `genvk.py`

When generating header files using the genvk.py script, an API name and profile name are required, as shown in the Makefile examples. Additionally, specific API versions and extensions can be required or excluded. Based on this information, the generator script extracts the relevant interfaces and creates a C-language header file for them. genvk.py contains predefined generator options for the current Vulkan API Specification release.

The generator script is intended to be generalizable to other languages by writing new generator classes. Such generators would have to rewrite the C types and definitions in the XML to something appropriate to their language.

Registry Processing Script - `reg.py`

XML processing is done in reg.py, which contains several objects and methods for loading registries and extracting interfaces and extensions for use in header generation. There is some internal documentation in the form of comments, although nothing more extensive exists yet.

Output Generator Script - `generator.py`

Once the registry is loaded, the COutputGenerator class defined in generator.py is used to create a header file. The DocOutputGenerator class is used to create the asciidoc include files. Output generators for other purposes can be added as needed. There are a variety of output generators included:

cgenerator.py - generate C header file
docgenerator.py - generate asciidoc includes for APIs
hostsyncgenerator.py - generate host sync table includes for APIs
validitygenerator.py - generate validity language includes
pygenerator.py - generate a Python dictionary-based encoding of portions of the registry, used during spec generation
extensionStubSource.py - generate a simple C extension loader.

Vulkan Registry Schema

The format of the Vulkan registry is a top level tag:registry tag containing tag:types, tag:enums, tag:commands, tag:feature, and tag:extension tags describing the different elements of an API, as explained below. This description corresponds to a formal Relax NG schema file, registry.rnc, against which the XML registry files can be validated.

At present the only registry in this schema is the core Vulkan API registry, vk.xml.

Profiles

Types and enumerants can have different definitions depending on the API profile requested. This capability is not used in the current Vulkan API but may be in the future. Features and extensions can include some elements conditionally depending on the API profile requested.

API Names

Specific API versions features and extensions can be tagged as belonging to to classes of features with the use of API names. This is intended to allow multiple closely-related API specifications in the same family - such as desktop and mobile specifications - to share the same XML. An API name is an arbitrary alphanumeric string, although it should be chosen to match the corresponding API. For example, Vulkan and OpenXR use vulkan and openxr as their API names, respectively.

The attr:api attribute of the tag:feature tag and the attr:supported attribute of the tag:extensions tag must be comma-separated lists of one or more API names, all of which match that feature or extension. When generating headers and other artifacts from the XML, an API name may be specified to the processing scripts, causing the selection of only those features and extensions whose API names match the specified name.

Several other tags for defining types and groups of types also support attr:api attributes. If present, the attribute value must be a comma-separated list of one or more API names. This allows specializing a definition for different, closely related APIs.

Registry Root (tag:registry Tag)

A tag:registry contains the entire definition of one or more related APIs.

Attributes of tag:registry Tags

None.

Contents of tag:registry Tags

Zero or more of each of the following tags, normally in this order (although order should not be important):

tag:comment - Contains arbitrary text, such as a copyright statement.
tag:platforms - defines platform names corresponding to platform-specific API extensions.
tag:tags - defines author IDs used for extensions and layers. Author IDs are described in detail in the “Layers & Extensions” section of the “Vulkan Documentation and Extensions: Procedures and Conventions” document.
tag:types - defines API types. Usually only one tag is used.
tag:enums - defines API token names and values. Usually multiple tags are used. Related groups may be tagged as an enumerated type corresponding to a tag:type tag, and resulting in a C enum declaration. This ability is heavily used in the Vulkan API.
tag:commands - defines API commands (functions). Usually only one tag is used.
tag:feature - defines API feature interfaces (API versions, more or less). One tag per feature set.
tag:extensions - defines API extension interfaces. Usually only one tag is used, wrapping many extensions.
tag:formats - defines properties of image formats. Only one tag is used, wrapping all the formats.
tag:spirvextensions - defines relationship between SPIR-V extensions and API interfaces which enable each extension. Only one tag is used, wrapping all the SPIR-V extensions.
tag:spirvcapabilities - defines relationship between SPIR-V capabilities and API interfaces which enable each capability. Only one tag is used, wrapping all the SPIR-V capabilities.
tag:sync - Defines sync objects
tag::syncstage - Defines all Pipeline Stages
tag::syncaccess - Defines all Access Types
tag::syncpipeline - Defines Pipeline’s logical ordering

Comment Tags (tag:comment Tag)

A tag:comment tag contains an arbitrary string, and is unused. Comment tags may appear in multiple places in the schema, as described below. Comment tags are removed by output generators if they would otherwise appear in generated headers, asciidoc include files, etc.

Platform Name Blocks (tag:platforms Tag)

A tag:platforms contains descriptions of platform IDs for platforms supported by window system-specific extensions to Vulkan.

Attributes of tag:platforms Tags

attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:platforms Tags

Zero or more tag:platform tags, in arbitrary order (though they are typically ordered by sorting on the platform name).

Platform Names (tag:platform Tag)

A tag:platform tag describes a single platform name.

Attributes of tag:platform Tags

attr:name - required. The platform name. This must be a short alphanumeric string corresponding to the platform name, valid as part of a C99 identifier. Lower-case is preferred. In some cases, it may be desirable to distinguish a subset of platform functionality from the entire platform. In these cases, the platform name should begin with the entire platform name, followed by _ and the subset name.

Note

Note

For example,

name="xlib"

is used for the X Window System, Xlib client library platform.

name="xlib_xrandr"

is used for the XRandR functionality within the xlib platform.
attr:protect - required. This must be a C99 preprocessor token beginning with VK_USE_PLATFORM_ followed by the platform name, converted to upper case, followed by _ and the extension suffix of the corresponding window system-specific extension supporting the platform.

Note

Note

For example,

protect="VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_XRANDR_EXT"

is used for the xlib_xrandr platform name.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:platform Tags

No contents are allowed. All information is contained in the attributes.

Author ID Blocks (tag:tags Tag)

A tag:tags tag contains tag:authorid tags describing reserved author IDs used by extension and layer authors.

Attributes of tag:tags Tags

attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:tags Tags

Zero or more tag:tag tags, in arbitrary order (though they are typically ordered by sorting on the author ID).

Author IDs (tag:tag Tag)

A tag:tag tag contains information defining a single author ID.

Attributes of tag:tag Tags

attr:name - required. The author ID, as registered with Khronos. A short, upper-case string, usually an abbreviation of an author, project or company name.
attr:author - required. The author name, such as a full company or project name.
attr:contact - required. The contact who registered or is currently responsible for extensions and layers using the ID, including sufficient contact information to reach the contact such as individual name together with email address, GitHub username, or other contact information.

Contents of tag:tag Tags

No contents are allowed. All information is contained in the attributes.

API Type Blocks (tag:types Tag)

A tag:types tag contains definitions of derived types used in the API.

Attributes of tag:types Tags

attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:types Tags

Zero or more tag:type and tag:comment tags, in arbitrary order (though they are typically ordered by putting dependencies of other types earlier in the list). The tag:comment tags are used mostly to indicate grouping of related types.

API Type (tag:type Tag)

A tag:type tag contains information which can be used to generate C code corresponding to the type. In many cases, this is simply legal C code, with attributes or embedded tags denoting the type name and other types used in defining this type. In some cases, additional attribute and embedded type information is used to generate more complicated C types.

Attributes of tag:type Tags

attr:requires - optional. Another type name this type requires to complete its definition.
attr:name - optional. Name of this type (if not defined in the tag body).
attr:alias - optional. Another type name which this type is an alias of. Must match the name of another tag:type element. This is typically used when promoting a type defined by an extension to a new core version of the API. The old extension type is still defined, but as an alias of the new type.
attr:api - optional comma-separated list of API names for which this definition is specialized, so that different APIs may have different definitions for the same type. This definition is only used if the requested API name matches the attribute. May be used to address subtle incompatibilities.
attr:category - optional. A string which indicates that this type contains a more complex structured definition. At present the only accepted categories are basetype, bitmask, define, enum, funcpointer, group, handle, include, struct, and union, as described below.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).
attr:deprecated - optional. Indicates that this type has been deprecated. Possible values are:
- "true" - deprecated, but no explanation given.
- "aliased" - an old name not following Vulkan conventions. The equivalent alias following Vulkan conventions should be used instead.
attr:parent - only applicable if "category" is handle. Notes another type with the handle category that acts as a parent object for this type.
attr:returnedonly - only applicable if "category" is struct or union. Notes that this struct/union is going to be filled in by the API, rather than an application filling it out and passing it to the API.
attr:structextends only applicable if category is struct or union. This is a comma-separated list of structures whose pNext can include this type. This should usually only list the top-level structure that is extended, for all possible extending structures. This will generate a validity statement on the top level structure that validates the entire chain in one go, rather than each extending structure repeating the list of valid structs. There is no need to set the attr:noautovalidity attribute on the pNext members of extending structures.
attr:allowduplicate - only applicable if attr:category is "struct". If "true", then structures whose pNext chains include this structure may include more than one instance of it.
attr:objtypeenum - only applicable at present if attr:category is "handle". Specifies the name of a VkObjectType enumerant which corresponds to this type. The enumerant must be defined.

Contents of tag:type Tags

The valid contents depend on the attr:category attribute.

Enumerated Types - attr:category `"enum"`

If the attr:category tag has the value enum, the type is a C enumeration. The body of the tag is ignored in this case. The value of the attr:name attribute must be provided and must match the attr:name attribute of a tag:enums tag. The enumerant values defined within the tag:enums tag are used to generate a C enum type declaration.

Structure Types - attr:category `"struct"` or `"union"`

If the attr:category tag has the values struct or union, the type is a C structure or union, respectively. In this case, the attr:name attribute must be provided, and the contents of the tag:type tag are a series of tag:member tags defining the members of the aggregate type, in order, interleaved with any number of tag:comment tags.

Structure Member (tag:member) Tags

The tag:member tag defines the type and name of a structure or union member.

Attributes of tag:member Tags

attr:api - optional API names for which this definition is specialized, so that different APIs may have different definitions for the same type. This definition is only used if the requested API name matches the attribute. May be used to address subtle incompatibilities.
attr:values - only valid on the sType member of a struct. This is a comma-separated list of enumerant values that are valid for the structure type; usually there is only a single value.
attr:len - valid length of the data described by the member. If the member is a static array, attr:len must be less than or equal to the size of the array; if not present for a static array, all elements of the array are considered valid. If the member is a pointer, attr:len is the length of the pointed-to data. attr:len must contain one or more expressions defining length (one for each array indirection), separated by commas. Each expression may be one of:
- the name of another member of this struct
- "null-terminated", indicating a pointer to a null-terminated UTF-8 string
- "1" to indicate it is just a pointer (used for nested pointers)
- an equation in math markup for incorporation in the specification (a LaTeX math expression delimited by \(` and `\). The only variables in the equation should be the names of members of the structure.
attr:altlen - if the attr:len attribute is specified, and contains a latexmath: equation, this attribute should be specified with an equivalent equation using only C builtin operators, C math library function names, and variables as allowed for attr:len. It must be a valid C99 expression whose result is equal to attr:len for all possible inputs. It is a comma separated list that has size equal to only the latexmath item count in attr:len list. This attribute is intended to support consumers of the XML who need to generate validation code from the allowed length.
attr:deprecated - optional. Indicates that this member has been deprecated. Possible values are:
- "true" - deprecated, but no explanation given.
- "ignored" - functionality described by this member no longer operates.
attr:externsync - denotes that the member should be externally synchronized when accessed by Vulkan

attr:optional - optional. A value of "true" specifies that this member can be omitted by providing NULL (for pointers), VK_NULL_HANDLE (for handles), or 0 (for other scalar types). If not present, the value is assumed to be "false" (the member must not be omitted). If the member is a pointer to one of those types, multiple values may be provided, separated by commas - one for each pointer indirection. Structure members with name pNext must always be specified with optional="true", since there is no requirement that any member of a pNext chain have a following member in the chain.

Note

While the attr:optional attribute can be used for scalar types such as integers, it does not affect the output generators included with the Vulkan API Specification. In this case, the attribute serves only as an indicator to human readers of the XML.

Explicitly specifying optional="false" is not supported, but optional="false,true" is supported for a pointer type.

attr:selector - optional. If the member is a union, attr:selector identifies another member of the struct that is used to select which of that union’s members are valid.
attr:selection - optional. For a member of a union, attr:selection identifies a value of the attr:selector that indicates this member is valid.
attr:noautovalidity - prevents automatic validity language being generated for the tagged item. Only suppresses item-specific validity - parenting issues etc. are still captured. It must also be used for structures that have no implicit validity when such structure has explicit validity.
attr:limittype - only applicable for members of VkFormatProperties, VkFormatProperties2, VkPhysicalDeviceProperties, VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2, VkPhysicalDeviceLimits, VkQueueFamilyProperties, VkQueueFamilyProperties2, VkSparseImageFormatProperties, VkSparseImageFormatProperties2, and structures extending or members of any of those structures. Specifies the type of a device limit. This type describes how a value might be compared with the value of a member in order to check whether it fits the limit. Valid values:
- "min" and "max" denote minimum and maximum limits. They may also apply to arrays and VkExtent*D.
- "not" specifies a feature is supported when false.
- "pot" denotes a value that has to be a power of two value. They may also apply to arrays and VkExtent*D.
- "mul" denotes a value that must be an integer multiple of this limit. They may also apply to arrays and VkExtent*D.
- "bits" corresponds to the bits precision of an implementation.
- "bitmask" corresponds to bitmasks and VkBool32, where set bits indicate the presence of a capability
- "range" specifies a [min, max] range
- "struct" means that the member’s fields should be compared.
- "exact" specifies a limit that must be a specific value.
- "noauto" limits cannot be trivially compared. This is the default value, if unspecified.
attr:objecttype - only applicable for members which are uint64_t values representing a Vulkan object handle. Specifies the name of another member which must be a VkObjectType or VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT value specifying the type of object the handle refers to.
attr:stride - if the member is an array, stride specifies the name of another member containing the byte stride between consecutive elements in the array. Is assumed tightly packed if omitted.

Contents of tag:member Tags

The text elements of a tag:member tag, with all other tags removed, is a legal C declaration of a struct or union member. In addition it may contain several semantic tags:

The tag:type tag is optional. It contains text which is a valid type name found in another tag:type tag, and indicates that this type must be previously defined for the definition of the command to succeed. Builtin C types should not be wrapped in tag:type tags.
The tag:name tag is required, and contains the struct/union member name being described.
The tag:enum tag is optional. It contains text which is a valid enumerant name found in another tag:type tag, and indicates that this enumerant must be previously defined for the definition of the command to succeed. Typically this is used to semantically tag static array lengths.
The tag:comment tag is optional. It contains an arbitrary string (unused).

All Other Types

If the attr:category attribute is one of basetype, bitmask, define, funcpointer, group, handle or include, or is not specified, tag:type contains text which is legal C code for a type declaration. It may also contain embedded tags:

tag:type - nested type tags contain other type names which are required by the definition of this type.
tag:apientry/ - insert a platform calling convention macro here during header generation, used mostly for function pointer types.
tag:name - contains the name of this type (if not defined in the tag attributes).
tag:bitvalues - contains the name of the enumeration defining flag values for a bitmask type. Ignored for other types.

There is no restriction on which sorts of definitions may be made in a given category, although the contents of tags with attr:category enum, struct or union are interpreted specially as described above.

However, when generating the header, types within each category are grouped together, and categories are generated in the order given by the following list. Therefore, types in a category should correspond to the intended purpose given for that category. If this recommendation is not followed, it is possible that the resulting header file will not compile due to out-of-order type dependencies. The intended purpose of each category is:

include (#include) directives)
define (macro #define directives)
basetype (built-in C language types; scalar API typedefs, such as the definition of VkFlags; and types defined by external APIs, such as an underlying OS or window system
handle (invocations of macros defining scalar types such as VkInstance)
enum (enumeration types and #define for constant values)
group (currently unused)
bitmask (enumeration types whose members are bitmasks)
funcpointer (function pointer typedefs)
struct and union together (struct and union types)

Example of a tag:types Tag

<types>
    <type name="stddef">#include &lt;stddef.h&gt;</type>
    <type requires="stddef">typedef ptrdiff_t <name>VKlongint</name>;</type>
    <type name="VkEnum" category="enum"/>
    <type category="struct" name="VkStruct">
        <member><type>VkEnum</type> <name>srcEnum</name></member>
        <member><type>VkEnum</type> <name>dstEnum</name></member>
    </type>
</types>

<enums name="VkEnum" type="enum">
    <enum value="0" name="VK_ENUM_ZERO"/>
    <enum value="42" name="VK_ENUM_FORTY_TWO"/>
</enums>

The VkStruct type is defined to require the types VkEnum and VKlongint as well. If VkStruct is in turn required by a command or another type during header generation, it will result in the following declarations:

#include <stddef.h>
typedef ptrdiff_t VKlongint.

typedef enum {
    VK_ENUM_ZERO = 0,
    VK_ENUM_FORTY_TWO = 42
} VkEnum;

typedef struct {
    VkEnum    dstEnum;
    VkLongint dstVal;
} VkStruct;

Note that the angle brackets around stddef.h are represented as XML entities in the registry. This could also be done using a CDATA block but unless there are many characters requiring special representation in XML, using entities is preferred.

Enumerant Blocks (tag:enums Tag)

The tag:enums tags contain individual tag:enum tags describing each of the token names used in the API. In some cases these correspond to a C enum, and in some cases they are simply compile time constants (e.g. #define).

Note	Note It would make more sense to call these `const` or `define` tags. This is a historical hangover from the OpenGL XML format which this schema was based on.

Attributes of tag:enums Tags

attr:name - optional. String naming the C enum type whose members are defined by this enum group. If present, this attribute should match the attr:name attribute of a corresponding tag:type tag.
attr:type - optional. String describing the data type of the values of this group of enums. At present the only accepted categories are enum and bitmask, as described below.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).
attr:bitwidth - optional. Bit width required for the generated enum value type. If omitted, a default value of 32 is used.

Contents of tag:enums Tags

Each tag:enums block contains zero or more tag:enum, tag:unused, and tag:comment tags, in arbitrary order (although they are typically ordered by sorting on enumerant values, to improve human readability).

Example of tag:enums Tags

An example showing a tag with attribute attr:type`="enum"` is given above. The following example is for non-enumerated tokens.

<enums>
    <enum value="256" name="VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME"/>
    <enum value="MAX_FLOAT"  name="VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE"/>
</enums>

When processed into a C header, and assuming all these tokens were required, this results in

#define VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME   256
#define VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE       MAX_FLOAT

Enumerants (tag:enum Tag)

Each tag:enum tag defines a single Vulkan (or other API) token.

Attributes of tag:enum Tags

attr:value is a numeric value in the form of a legal C expression when evaluated at compile time in the generated header files. This is usually either a literal integer value or the name of an alias for a previously defined value, though more complex expressions are sometimes employed for compile time constants.
attr:bitpos is a literal integer bit position in a bitmask. The bit position must be in the range [0,30] when used as a flag bit in a Vk*FlagBits data type. Bit positions 31 and up may be used for values that are not flag bits, or for flag bits used with 64-bit flag types. Exactly one of attr:value and attr:bitpos must be present in an tag:enum tag.
attr:name - required. Enumerant name, a legal C preprocessor token name.
attr:api - optional comma-separated list of API names for which this definition is specialized, so that different APIs may have different values for the same token. This definition is only used if the requested API name matches the attribute. May be used to address subtle incompatibilities.
attr:deprecated - optional. Indicates that this enum has been deprecated. Possible values are:
- "true" - deprecated, but no explanation given.
- "ignored" - functionality described by this enum no longer operates.
- "aliased" - an old name not following Vulkan conventions. The equivalent alias following Vulkan conventions should be used instead.
attr:type - may be used only when attr:value is specified. In this case, attr:type is optional except when defining a compile time constant, in which case it is required when using some output generator paths. If present the attribute must be a C scalar type corresponding to the type of attr:value, although only uint32_t, uint64_t, and float are currently meaningful. attr:type is used by some output generators to generate constant declarations, although the default behavior is to use C #define for compile time constants.
attr:alias - optional. Name of another enumerant this is an alias of, used where token names have been changed as a result of profile changes or for consistency purposes. An enumerant alias is simply a different attr:name for the exact same attr:value or attr:bitpos.
attr:protect - optional. An additional preprocessor token used to protect an enum definition.

Note	Note Using attr:alias on an tag:enum means you want the attr:name defined by the tag to be treated as an alias of the token name in the attr:alias attribute value. For example, the following tag defines `VK_ALIAS` as an alias of `VK_VALUE`: <enum name="VK_ALIAS" alias="VK_VALUE">

Note

In older versions of the schema, attr:type was described as allowing only the C integer suffix types u and ull, which is inconsistent with the current definition. However, attr:type was not actually used in the registry processing scripts or vk.xml at the time the current definition was introduced, so this is expected to be a benign change.

Contents of tag:enum Tags

tag:enum tags have no allowed contents. All information is contained in the attributes.

Unused Enumerants (tag:unused Tag)

Each tag:unused tag defines a range of enumerants which is allocated, but not yet assigned to specific enums. This just tracks the unused values for the Registrar’s use, and is not used for header generation.

Note	Note tag:unused tags could be generated and inserted automatically, which would be a good way to avoid the attributes becoming out of date. However, they are rarely used in the Vulkan XML schema, unlike the OpenGL XML schema it was based on.

Attributes of tag:unused Tags

attr:start - required, attr:end - optional. Integers defining the start and end of an unused range of enumerants. attr:start must be {leq} attr:end. If attr:end is not present, then attr:start defines a single unused enumerant. This range should not exceed the range reserved by the surrounding tag:enums tag.
attr:vendor - optional. String describing the vendor or purposes to whom a reserved range of enumerants is allocated. Usually identical to the attr:vendor attribute of the surrounding attr:enums block.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:unused Tags

None.

Command Blocks (tag:commands Tag)

The tag:commands tag contains definitions of each of the functions (commands) used in the API.

Attributes of tag:commands Tags

attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:commands Tags

Each tag:commands block contains zero or more tag:command tags, in arbitrary order (although they are typically ordered by sorting on the command name, to improve human readability).

Commands (tag:command Tag)

The tag:command tag contains a structured definition of a single API command (function).

Attributes of tag:command Tags

There are two ways to define a command. The first uses a set of attributes to the tag:command tag defining properties of the command used for constructing automatic validation rules, and the contents of the tag:command tag define the name, signature, and parameters of the command. In this case the allowed attributes include:

attr:tasks - optional. A string identifying the tasks this command performs, as described in the “Queue Operation” section of the Vulkan API Specification. The format of the string is one or more of the terms "action", "synchronization", "state", and "indirection", with multiple terms separated by commas (",").
attr:queues - optional. A string identifying the command queues this command can be placed on. The format of the string is one or more of the terms "compute", "decode", "encode", "graphics", "transfer", "sparse_binding", and "opticalflow", with multiple terms separated by commas (",").
attr:successcodes - optional. A string describing possible successful return codes from the command, as a comma-separated list of Vulkan result code names.
attr:errorcodes - optional. A string describing possible error return codes from the command, as a comma-separated list of Vulkan result code names.
attr:renderpass - optional. A string identifying whether the command can be issued only inside a render pass ("inside"), only outside a render pass ("outside"), or both ("both").
attr:videocoding - optional. A string identifying whether the command can be issued only inside a video coding scope ("inside"), only outside a video coding scope ("outside"), or both ("both"); the default is "outside" for commands that do not specify it.
attr:cmdbufferlevel - optional. A string identifying the command buffer levels that this command can be called by. The format of the string is one or more of the terms "primary" and "secondary", with multiple terms separated by commas (",").
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

The second way of defining a command is as an alias of another command. For example when an extension is promoted from extension to core status, the commands defined by that extensions become aliases of the corresponding new core commands. In this case, only two attributes are allowed:

attr:name - required. A string naming the command defined by the tag.
attr:alias - required. A string naming the command that attr:name is an alias of. The string must be the same as the attr:name value of another tag:command defining another command.

Both forms of tag:command support these options:

attr:api - optional API names for which this definition is specialized, so that different APIs may have different values for the same token. This definition is only used if the requested API name matches the attribute. May be used to address subtle incompatibilities.

Contents of tag:command Tags

tag:proto is required and must be the first element. It is a tag defining the C function prototype of a command as described below, up to the function name and return type but not including function parameters.
tag:param elements for each command parameter follow, defining its name and type, as described below. If a command takes no arguments, it has no tag:param tags.

Following these elements, the remaining elements in a tag:command tag are optional and may be in any order:

tag:alias - optional. Has no attributes and contains a string which is the name of another command this command is an alias of, used when promoting a function from vendor to Khronos extension or Khronos extension to core API status. A command alias describes the case where there are two function names which implement the same behavior.
tag:description - optional. Unused text.
tag:implicitexternsyncparams - optional. Contains a list of tag:param tags, each containing asciidoc source text describing an object which is not a parameter of the command but is related to one, and which also requires external synchronization. The text is intended to be incorporated into the API specification.

Note

Versions of the registry documentation prior to 1.1.93 asserted that command aliases “resolve to the same entry point in the underlying layer stack.” Whilst this may be true on many implementations, it is not required - each command alias must be queried separately through vkGetInstanceProcAddr or vkGetDeviceProcAddr.

Command Prototype (tag:proto Tags)

The tag:proto tag defines the return type and name of a command.

Attributes of tag:proto Tags

None.

Contents of tag:proto Tags

The text elements of a tag:proto tag, with all other tags removed, is legal C code describing the return type and name of a command. In addition to text, it may contain two semantic tags:

The tag:type tag is optional, and contains text which is a valid type name found in a tag:type tag. It indicates that this type must be previously defined for the definition of the command to succeed. Builtin C types, and any derived types which are expected to be found in other header files, should not be wrapped in tag:type tags.
The tag:name tag is required, and contains the command name being described.

Command Parameter (tag:param Tags)

The tag:param tag defines the type and name of a parameter. Its contents are very similar to the tag:member tag used to define struct and union members.

Attributes of tag:param Tags

attr:api - optional API names for which this definition is specialized, so that different APIs may have different definitions for the same type. This definition is only used if the requested API name matches the attribute. May be used to address subtle incompatibilities.
attr:len - valid length of the data described by the parameter. If the parameter is a static array, attr:len must be less than or equal to the size of the array; if not present for a static array, all elements of the array are considered valid. If the parameter is a pointer, attr:len is the length of the pointed-to data. attr:len must contain one or more expressions defining length (one for each array indirection), separated by commas. Each expression may be one of:
- the name of another parameter of this command
- "null-terminated", indicating a pointer to a null-terminated UTF-8 string
- "1" to indicate it is just a pointer (used for nested pointers)
- an equation in math markup for incorporation in the specification (a LaTeX math expression delimited by \(` and `\). The only variables in the equation should be the names of parameters of the command.
attr:altlen - if the attr:len attribute is specified, and contains a latexmath: equation, this attribute should be specified with an equivalent equation using only C builtin operators, C math library function names, and variables as allowed for attr:len. It must be a valid C99 expression whose result is equal to attr:len for all possible inputs. It is a comma separated list that has size equal to only the latexmath item count in attr:len list. This attribute is intended to support consumers of the XML who need to generate validation code from the allowed length.

attr:optional - optional. A value of "true" specifies that this parameter can be omitted by providing NULL (for pointers), VK_NULL_HANDLE (for handles), or 0 (for other scalar types). If not present, the value is assumed to be "false" (the parameter must not be omitted). If the parameter is a pointer to one of those types, multiple values may be provided, separated by commas - one for each pointer indirection.

Note

While the attr:optional attribute can be used for scalar types such as integers, it does not affect the output generators included with the Vulkan API Specification. In this case, the attribute serves only as an indicator to human readers of the XML.

Explicitly specifying optional="false" is not supported, but optional="false,true" is supported for a pointer type.

attr:selector - optional. If the parameter is a union, attr:selector identifies another parameter of the command that is used to select which of that union’s members are valid.
attr:noautovalidity - prevents automatic validity language being generated for the tagged item. Only suppresses item-specific validity - parenting issues etc. are still captured.
attr:externsync - optional. A value of "true" indicates that this parameter (e.g. the object a handle refers to, or the contents of an array a pointer refers to) is modified by the command, and is not protected against modification in multiple app threads. If only certain members of an object or elements of an array are modified, multiple strings may be provided, separated by commas. Each string describes a member which is modified. For example, the VkPresentInfoKHR struct includes attr:externsync attributes for the pPresentInfo array indicating that only specific members of each element of the array are modified:
<param externsync="pPresentInfo->pWaitSemaphores[],pPresentInfo->pSwapchains[]">const <type>VkPresentInfoKHR</type>* <name>pPresentInfo</name></param>
Parameters which do not have an attr:externsync attribute are assumed to not require external synchronization.
attr:objecttype - only applicable for parameters which are uint64_t values representing a Vulkan object handle. Specifies the name of another parameter which must be a VkObjectType or VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT value specifying the type of object the handle refers to.
attr:validstructs - optional. Allowed only when the parameter type is a pointer to an abstract VkBaseInStructure or VkBaseOutStructure type. This is a comma-separated list of structures which can either be passed as the parameter, or can appear anywhere in the pNext chain of the parameter.

Contents of tag:param Tags

The text elements of a tag:param tag, with all other tags removed, is legal C code describing the type and name of a function parameter. In addition it may contain two semantic tags:

The tag:type tag is optional, and contains text which is a valid type name found in tag:type tag, and indicates that this type must be previously defined for the definition of the command to succeed. Builtin C types, and any derived types which are expected to be found in other header files, should not be wrapped in tag:type tags.
The tag:name tag is required, and contains the parameter name being described.

Example of a tag:commands Tag

<commands>
    <command>
        <proto><type>VkResult</type> <name>vkCreateInstance</name></proto>
        <param>const <type>VkInstanceCreateInfo</type>* <name>pCreateInfo</name></param>
        <param><type>VkInstance</type>* <name>pInstance</name></param>
    </command>
</commands>

When processed into a C header, this results in

VkResult vkCreateInstance(
    const VkInstanceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo,
    VkInstance* pInstance);

API Features and Versions (tag:feature Tag)

API features are described in individual tag:feature tags. A feature is the set of interfaces (enumerants and commands) defined by a particular API and version, such as Vulkan 1.0, and includes all profiles of that API and version.

Attributes of tag:feature Tags

attr:api - required comma-separated list of API names for which this feature is defined, such as vulkan.
attr:name - required. Version name, used as the C preprocessor token under which the version’s interfaces are protected against multiple inclusion. Example: "VK_VERSION_1_0".
attr:number - required. Feature version number, usually a string interpreted as majorNumber.minorNumber. Example: 4.2.
attr:sortorder - optional. A decimal number which specifies an order relative to other tag:feature tags when calling output generators. Defaults to 0. Rarely used, for when ordering by attr:name is insufficient.
attr:protect - optional. An additional preprocessor token used to protect a feature definition. Usually another feature or extension attr:name. Rarely used, for odd circumstances where the definition of a feature or extension requires another to be defined first.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Note

The attr:name attribute used for Vulkan core versions, such as "VK_VERSION_1_0", is not an API construct. It is used only as a preprocessor guard in the headers, and an asciidoctor conditional in the specification sources. The similar "VK_API_VERSION_1_0" symbols are part of the API and their values are packed integers containing Vulkan core version numbers.

Contents of tag:feature Tags

Zero or more tag:require and tag:remove tags, in arbitrary order. Each tag describes a set of interfaces that is respectively required for, or removed from, this feature, as described below.

Example of a tag:feature Tag

<feature api="vulkan" name="VK_VERSION_1_0" number="1.0">
    <require comment="Header boilerplate">
        <type name="vk_platform"/>
    </require>
    <require comment="API constants">
        <enum name="VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME"/>
        <enum name="VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE"/>
    </require>
    <require comment="Device initialization">
        <command name="vkCreateInstance"/>
    </require>
</feature>

When processed into a C header for Vulkan, this results in:

#ifndef VK_VERSION_1_0
#define VK_VERSION_1_0 1
#define VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME   256
#define VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE       MAX_FLOAT
typedef VkResult (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkCreateInstance)(const VkInstanceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, VkInstance* pInstance);
#ifndef VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateInstance(
    const VkInstanceCreateInfo*                 pCreateInfo,
    VkInstance*                                 pInstance);
#endif
#endif /* VK_VERSION_1_0 */

Extension Blocks (tag:extensions Tag)

The tag:extensions tag contains definitions of each of the extensions which are defined for the API.

Attributes of tag:extensions Tags

attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:extensions Tags

Each tag:extensions block contains zero or more tag:extension tags, each describing an API extension, in arbitrary order (although they are typically ordered by sorting on the extension name, to improve human readability).

API Extensions (tag:extension Tag)

API extensions are described in individual tag:extension tags. An extension is the set of interfaces defined by a particular API extension specification, such as ARB_multitexture. tag:extension is similar to tag:feature, but instead of having an attr:number attribute, it instead has a attr:supported attribute, which describes the set of API names which the extension can potentially be implemented against.

Attributes of tag:extension Tags

attr:name - required. Extension name, following the conventions in the Vulkan API Specification. Example: name="VK_VERSION_1_0".
attr:number - required. A decimal number which is the registered, unique extension number for attr:name.
attr:sortorder - optional. A decimal number which specifies an order relative to other tag:extension tags when calling output generators. Defaults to 0. Rarely used, for when ordering by attr:number is insufficient.
attr:author - optional. The author name, such as a full company name. If not present, this can be taken from the corresponding tag:tag attribute. However, EXT and other multi-vendor extensions may not have a well-defined author or contact in the tag. This attribute is not used in processing the XML. It is just metadata, mostly used to track the original author of an extension (which may have since been promoted to use a different author ID).
attr:contact - optional. The contact who registered or is currently responsible for extensions and layers using the tag, including sufficient contact information to reach the contact such as individual name together with GitHub username (@username), Khronos internal Gitlab username (gitlab:@username) if no public GitHub contact is available, or other contact information. If not present, this can be taken from the corresponding tag:tag attribute just like attr:author.
attr:type - required if the attr:supported attribute is not 'disabled'. Must be either 'device' or 'instance', if present.

attr:depends - optional. String containing a boolean expression of one or more API core version and extension names. The extension requires the expression in the string to be satisfied to use any functionality it defines (for instance extensions), or to use any device-level functionality it provides (for device extensions). Supported operators include , for logical OR, ` for logical AND, and `(` `)` for grouping. `,` and ` are of equal precedence, and lower than ( ). Expressions must be evaluated left-to-right for operators of the same precedence. Terms which are core version names are true if the corresponding API version is supported. Terms which are extension names are true if the corresponding extension is enabled.

Note

attr:depends is a breaking change in Vulkan 1.3.241, replacing the requires and requiresCore attributes. For example, an extension which previously specified these two attributes in vk.xml:

requires="VK_KHR_dep_a,VK_EXT_dep_b"
requiresCore="1.1"

should replace them both with

depends="VK_VERSION_1_1+VK_KHR_dep_a+VK_EXT_dep_b"

Note that the use of , in the old requires attribute was treated as a logical AND, and must be replaced by + in the depends attribute.

attr:protect - optional. An additional preprocessor token used to protect an extension definition. Usually another feature or extension attr:name. Rarely used, for odd circumstances where the definition of an extension requires another extension or a header file to be defined first.
attr:platform - optional. Indicates that the extension is specific to the platform identified by the attribute value, and should be emitted conditional on that platform being available, in a platform-specific header, etc. The attribute value must be the same as one of the tag:platform tag:name attribute values.
attr:supported - comma-separated list of required API names for which this extension is defined. When the extension tag is just reserving an extension number, use supported="disabled" to indicate this extension should never be processed. Interfaces defined in a disabled extension block are tentative at best and must: not be generated or otherwise used by scripts processing the XML. The only exception to this rule is for scripts used solely for reserving, or checking for reserved bitflag values.
attr:ratified - optional comma-separated list of API names for which this extension has been ratified by the Khronos Board of Promoters. Defaults to the empty string if not specified.
attr:promotedto - optional. A Vulkan version or a name of an extension that this extension was promoted to. E.g. "VK_VERSION_1_1", or "VK_KHR_draw_indirect_count". As discussed in the “Extending Vulkan” chapter of the Vulkan API Specification, the promotedto relationship is not a promise of exact API-level compatibility, and replacing use of one interface with the other must not be done purely mechanically.
attr:deprecatedby - optional. A Vulkan version or a name of an extension that deprecates this extension. It may be an empty string. E.g. "VK_VERSION_1_1", or "VK_EXT_debug_utils", or "".
attr:obsoletedby - optional. A Vulkan version or a name of an extension that obsoletes this extension. It may be an empty string. E.g. "VK_VERSION_1_1", or "VK_KHR_maintenance1", or "".
attr:provisional - optional. "true" if this extension is released provisionally. Defaults to "false" if not specified.
attr:specialuse - optional. If present, must contain one or more tokens separated by commas, indicating a special purpose of the extension. Tokens may include:
- 'cadsupport' - for support of CAD software.
- 'd3demulation' - for support of Direct3D emulation layers or libraries, or applications porting from Direct3D.
- 'debugging' - for debugging an application.
- 'devtools' - for support of developer tools, such as capture-replay libraries.
- 'glemulation' - for support of OpenGL and/or OpenGL ES emulation layers or libraries, or applications porting from those APIs.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Note

The attr:depends attribute is used to specify other extensions that must be enabled for an extension to be enabled.

In some cases, an extension may include functionality which is only defined if another extension is enabled. Such functionality should be specified within a tag:require tag, using the attr:depends attribute to specify that extension.

Contents of tag:extension Tags

Zero or more tag:require and tag:remove tags, in arbitrary order. Each tag describes a set of interfaces that is respectively required for, or removed from, this extension, as described below.

Example of an tag:extensions Tag

<extension name="VK_KHR_display_swapchain" number="4" supported="vulkan">
    <require>
        <enum value="9" name="VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_SPEC_VERSION"/>
        <enum value="4" name="VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NUMBER"/>
        <enum value="&quot;VK_KHR_display_swapchain&quot;"
              name="VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME"/>
        <type name="VkDisplayPresentInfoKHR"/>
        <command name="vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR"/>
    </require>
</extension>

The attr:supported attribute says that the extension is defined for the default profile (vulkan). When processed into a C header for the vulkan profile, this results in header contents something like (assuming corresponding definitions of the specified tag:type and tag:command elsewhere in the XML):

#define VK_KHR_display_swapchain 1
#define VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_SPEC_VERSION 9
#define VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NUMBER 4
#define VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME "VK_KHR_display_swapchain"

typedef struct VkDisplayPresentInfoKHR {
    VkStructureType                             sType;
    const void*                                 pNext;
    VkRect2D                                    srcRect;
    VkRect2D                                    dstRect;
    VkBool32                                    persistent;
} VkDisplayPresentInfoKHR;

typedef VkResult (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR)(
    VkDevice device, uint32_t swapchainCount,
    const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* pCreateInfos,
    const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator,
    VkSwapchainKHR* pSwapchains);

#ifndef VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR(
    VkDevice                                    device,
    uint32_t                                    swapchainCount,
    const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR*             pCreateInfos,
    const VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
    VkSwapchainKHR*                             pSwapchains);
#endif

Required and Removed Interfaces (tag:require and tag:remove Tags)

A tag:require block defines a set of interfaces (types, enumerants and commands) 'required' by a tag:feature or tag:extension. A tag:remove block defines a set of interfaces 'removed' by a tag:feature. This is primarily for future profiles of an API which may choose to deprecate and/or remove some interfaces. Extensions should never remove interfaces, although this usage is allowed by the schema). Except for the tag name and behavior, the contents of tag:require and tag:remove tags are identical.

Attributes of tag:require and tag:remove Tags

attr:profile - optional. String name of an API profile. Interfaces in the tag are only required (or removed) if the specified profile is being generated. If not specified, interfaces are required (or removed) for all API profiles.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).
attr:api - optional comma-separated list of API names requiring or removing these interfaces. Interfaces in the tag are only required (or removed) if the requested API name matches an element of the attribute. If not specified, interfaces are required (or removed) for all APIs.

Note	Note The attr:api attribute is only supported inside tag:extension tags, since tag:feature tags already define a specific API.

Attributes of tag:require Tags

These attributes are allowed only for a tag:require tag.

attr:depends - optional, and only for tag:require tags. String containing a boolean expression of one or more API core version and extension names. The syntax of this string is identical to that of the tag:extension attr:depends attribute. Interfaces in the tag are only required if the expression is satisfied.

Note

Note

attr:depends is a breaking change in Vulkan 1.3.241, replacing the extension and feature attributes.

Contents of tag:require and tag:remove Tags

Zero or more of the following tags, in any order:

Comment Tags

tag:comment (as described above).

Command Tags

tag:command specifies a required (or removed) command defined in a tag:commands block. The tag has no content, but contains attributes:

attr:name - required. Name of the command.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Enum Tags

tag:enum specifies a required (or removed) enumerant defined in an tag:enums block. All forms of this tag support the following attributes:

attr:name - required. Name of the enumerant.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).
attr:api - optional comma-separated list of API names for which this definition is specialized, so that different APIs may have different values for the same token. This definition is only used if the requested API name matches the attribute. May be used to address subtle incompatibilities.

There are two forms of tag:enum tags:

Reference enums simply pull in the definition of an enumerant given in a separate tag:enums block. No attributes other than attr:name and attr:comment are supported for them. tag:enum tags appearing inside tag:remove tags should always be reference enums. Reference enums may also be used inside tag:require tags, if the corresponding value is defined in an tag:enums block. This is typically used for constants not part of an enumerated type.

Extension enums define the value of an enumerant inline in a tag:feature or tag:extensions block. Typically these are used to add additional values specified by an extension or core feature to an existing enumerated type. There are a variety of attributes which are used to specify the value of the enumerant:

attr:value and attr:type - define a constant value in the same fashion as an tag:enum tag in an tag:enums block.
attr:bitpos - define a constant bitmask value in the same fashion as an tag:enum tag in an tag:enums block. attr:bitpos is a literal integer bit position in a bitmask. The same value and usage constraints apply to this bit position as are applied to the <<tag-enum, attr:bitpos attribute of an tag:enum tag.
attr:extends - the name of a separately defined enumerated type (e.g. a tag:type tag with attr:category="enum") to which the extension enumerant is added. The enumerated type is required to complete the definition of the enumerant, in the same fashion as the attr:requires attribute of a tag:type tag. If not present, the enumerant is treated as a global constant value.
attr:extnumber - an extension number. The extension number in turn specifies the starting value of a block (range) of values reserved for enumerants defined by or associated with the corresponding tag:extension tag with the same attr:number. This is used when an extension or core feature needs to extend an enumerated type in a block defined by a different extension.
Attribute attr:offset - the offset within an extension block. If attr:extnumber is not present, the extension number defining that block is given by the attr:number attribute of the surrounding tag:extension tag. The numeric value of an enumerant is computed as defined in the ``Assigning Extension Token Values`" section of the Vulkan Documentation and Extensions: Procedures and Conventions document.
Attribute attr:dir - if present, the calculated enumerant value will be negative, instead of positive. Negative enumerant values are normally used only for Vulkan error codes. The attribute value must be specified as dir="-".
attr:alias - the name of another enumerant this is an alias of. An enumerant alias is simply a different name for the same enumerant value. This is typically used when promoting an enumerant defined by an extension to a new core version of the API. The old extension enumerant is still defined, but as an alias of the new core enumerant. It may also be used when token names have been changed as a result of profile changes, or for consistency purposes.
attr:protect - define a preprocessor protection symbol for the enum in the same fashion as an tag:enum tag in an tag:enums block.

Not all combinations of attributes are either meaningful or supported. The attr:protect attribute may always be present. For other attributes, the allowed combinations are:

Table 1. Valid Combinations of attr:enum Attributes for Extension Enums

Description	attr:value	attr:bitpos	attr:alias	attr:offset	attr:extnumber	attr:dir	attr:extends
Numeric value	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes²
Bitmask value	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes²
Alias of another enumerant	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes²
Value added to an enumeration	No	No	No	Yes	Yes¹	Yes³	Yes

[1]: Optional. If attr:extnumber is not present, the tag:enum tag may only be within a tag:extension. Otherwise, the tag:enum tag may also be within a tag:feature.

[2]: Optional. If attr:extends is not present, the enumerant value is a global constant. Otherwise, the value is added to the specified enumeration.

[3]: Optional. If not present, the computed value will be positive.

Examples of various types of extension enumerants are given below.

Type Tags

tag:type specifies a required (or removed) type defined in a tag:types block. Most types are picked up implicitly by using the tag:type tags of commands, but in a few cases, additional types need to be specified explicitly. It is unlikely that a type would ever be removed, although this usage is allowed by the schema. The tag has no content, but contains elements:

attr:name - required. Name of the type.
attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Examples of Extension Enumerants

Examples of some of the supported extension enumerant tag:enum tags are given below.

<extensions>
    <extension name="VK_KHR_test_extension" number="1" supported="vulkan">
        <require>
            <enum value="42" name="VK_KHR_TEST_ANSWER"/>
            <enum bitpos="29" name="VK_KHR_TEST_BITMASK"/>
            <enum offset="0" dir="-" extends="VkResult"
                  name="VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR"/>
            <enum offset="1" extends="VkResult"
                  name="VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR"/>
            <enum bitpos="30" extends="VkCullModeFlagBits"
                  name="VK_KHR_TEST_CULL_MODE_BIT"/>
        </require>
    </extension>
</extensions>

The corresponding header file will include definitions like this:

typedef enum VkResult {
    <previously defined VkResult enumerant values},
    VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR = -1000000000,
    VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR = 1000000001,
    VK_KHR_EXTENSION_BIT = 0x80000000,
};

#define VK_KHR_test_extension 1
#define VK_KHR_theanswer 42
#define VK_KHR_bitmask 0x20000000

Formats (tag:formats Tag)

The tag:formats tag contains definitions of each of the image formats which are defined for the API.

Attributes of tag:formats Tags

None.

Contents of tag:formats Tags

A tag:formats block contains zero or more tag:format tags, each describing an image format, in arbitrary order.

Image Format (tag:format Tag)

Image formats are described in individual tag:format tags. An image format corresponds to a Vulkan VkFormat enumerant. This tag contains information specifying the structure and meaning of different parts of the format. The meaning of different parts of the format information is described in more detail in the “Format Definition” section of the Vulkan API Specification.

Attributes of tag:format Tags

attr:name - required. Format name, matching a VkFormat tag:enum attr:name. Example: name="VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM".
attr:class - required. Format class. A string whose value is shared by a group of formats which may be compatible, and is a textual description of something important that group has in common. Example: class="8-bit".
attr:blockSize - required. A decimal integer which is the texel block size, in bytes, of the format.
attr:texelsPerBlock - required A decimal integer which is the number of texels in a texel block of the format.
attr:blockExtent - optional. Three-dimensional extent of a texel block. A comma-separated list of three decimal integers. If not present, blockExtent="1,1,1" is assumed.
attr:packed - optional. A decimal integer which is the number of bits into which the format is packed. If defined, a single image element in this format can be stored in the same space as a scalar type of this bit width.
attr:compressed - optional. A string whose value is shared by a group of formats which use the same general texture compression scheme, and is a textual description of that scheme. Example: compressed="ASTC LDR".
attr:chroma - optional. A string used to mark if {YCbCr} samplers are required by default when using this format. Must be one of the three values "420", "422", or "444" corresponding to different {YCbCr} encodings.

Contents of tag:format Tags

One or more tag:component tags. The order of tag:component tags corresponds to the memory order of components of the format. Each tag describes the size and format of that component.

Zero or more tag:plane tags, in arbitrary order. Each tag describes the scale of a specific image plane of the format relative to the overall format.

Zero or more tag:spirvimageformat tags, in arbitrary order. Each tag describes a SPIR-V format name corresponding to the tag:format.

Example of a tag:format Tag

<format name="VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM" class="16-bit 2-plane 420" blockSize="6" texelsPerBlock="1" chroma="420">
    <component name="G" bits="16" numericFormat="UNORM" planeIndex="0"/>
    <component name="B" bits="16" numericFormat="UNORM" planeIndex="1"/>
    <component name="R" bits="16" numericFormat="UNORM" planeIndex="1"/>
    <plane index="0" widthDivisor="1" heightDivisor="1" compatible="VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM"/>
    <plane index="1" widthDivisor="2" heightDivisor="2" compatible="VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM"/>
</format>

Format Components (tag:component Tag)

The tag:component tag contains definitions of each of the components which are part of an image format.

Attributes of tag:component Tags

attr:name - required. A string specifying the name of this component. Must be one of the values "R", "G", "B", "A", "D", or "S" corresponding to red, green, blue, alpha, depth, and stencil components, respectively.
attr:bits - required. Must be either a decimal integer which is the number of bits in this component, or "compressed", corresponding to a specific compression scheme.
attr:numericFormat - required. A string specifying the scalar data type of the component. Must be one of the following values:
- "SFLOAT" - signed floating-point numbers
- "SINT" - signed integer values in the range [-2^n-1,2^n-1-1]
- "SNORM" - signed normalized values in the range [-1,1]
- "SRGB" - R, G, and B components are unsigned normalized values that represent values using sRGB nonlinear encoding, while the A component (if one exists) is a regular unsigned normalized value
- "SSCALED" - signed integer values that get converted to floating-point in the range [-2^n-1,2^n-1-1]
- "UFLOAT" - unsigned floating-point numbers (used by packed, shared exponent, and some compressed formats)
- "UINT" - unsigned integer values in the range [0,2ⁿ-1]
- "UNORM" - unsigned normalized values in the range [0,1]
- "USCALED" - unsigned integer values that get converted to floating-point in the range [0,2ⁿ-1]
attr:planeIndex - optional. A decimal integer specifying which plane this component lies in. If present, must correspond to the attr:index attribute value of a tag:plane tag for the same tag:component.

Contents of tag:component Tags

None.

Format Planes (tag:plane Tag)

The tag:plane tag contains definitions of each of the image planes which are part of an image format.

Attributes of tag:plane Tags

attr:index - required. An integer specifying the image plane being defined. Image planes are in the range [0,p-1] where p is the number of planes in the format.
attr:widthDivisor - required. An integer specifying the relative width of this plane. A value of k means that this plane is 1/k the width of the overall format.
attr:heightDivisor - required. An integer specifying the relative height of this plane. A value of k means that this plane is 1/k the height of the overall format.
attr:compatible - required. A string naming another, single-plane format that this plane is compatible with. Must match the attr:name of another attr:format.

Contents of tag:plane Tags

None.

SPIR-V Image Formats (tag:spirvimageformat Tag)

The tag:spirvimageformat tag specifies the name of a SPIR-V image format equivalent to this format.

Attributes of tag:spirvimageformat Tags

attr:name - required. The name of the SPIR-V image format. Example: name="R11fG11fB10f".

Contents of tag:spirvimageformat Tags

None.

SPIR-V Extensions (tag:spirvextensions Tag)

The tag:spirvextensions tag contains definitions of each of the SPIR-V extensions which are defined for the API.

Attributes of tag:spirvextensions Tags

attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:spirvextensions Tags

Each tag:spirvextensions block contains zero or more tag:spirvextension tags, each describing a single SPIR-V extension, in arbitrary order.

SPIR-V Extension (tag:spirvextension Tag)

SPIR-V extensions are described in individual tag:spirvextension tags. A SPIR-V extension is enabled by API versions or extensions.

Attributes of tag:spirvextension Tags

attr:name - required. SPIR-V extension name. Example: name="SPV_KHR_variable_pointers"

Contents of tag:spirvextension Tags

One or more tag:enable tags, in arbitrary order. Each tag describes a single enabling mechanism for the extension.

Example of a tag:spirvextensions Tag

<spirvextension name="SPV_KHR_multiview">
    <enable version="VK_VERSION_1_1"/>
    <enable extension="VK_KHR_multiview"/>
</spirvextension>

SPIR-V Capabilities (tag:spirvcapabilities Tag)

The tag:spirvcapabilities tag contains definitions of each of the SPIR-V capabilities which are defined for the API.

Attributes of tag:spirvcapabilities Tags

attr:comment - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

Contents of tag:spirvcapabilities Tags

Each tag:spirvcapabilities block contains zero or more tag:spirvcapability tags, each describing a single SPIR-V capability, in arbitrary order.

SPIR-V Capability (tag:spirvcapability Tag)

SPIR-V capabilities are described in individual tag:spirvcapability tags. A SPIR-V capability is enabled by API versions, extensions, features, or properties.

Attributes of tag:spirvcapability Tags

attr:name - required. SPIR-V capability name. Example: name="SPV_KHR_variable_pointers"

Contents of tag:spirvcapability Tags

One or more tag:enable tags, in arbitrary order. Each tag describes a single enabling mechanism for the capability.

Example of a tag:spirvcapabilities Tag

<spirvcapability name="ImageCubeArray">
    <enable struct="VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures" feature="imageCubeArray" requires="VK_VERSION_1_0"/>
</spirvcapability>
<spirvcapability name="GroupNonUniform">
    <enable property="VkPhysicalDeviceVulkan11Properties" member="subgroupSupportedOperations" value="VK_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_BASIC_BIT" requires="VK_VERSION_1_1"/>
</spirvcapability>

SPIR-V Enables (tag:enable Tag)

The tag:enable tag describes a single mechanism in the API which enables a tag:spirvextension or tag:spirvcapability. There are four forms of tag:enable tags corresponding to different ways the API may advertise enablement, though not all forms may be used with tag:spirvextension tags. Each form is described separately below.

Sync Stage (tag:syncstage Tag)

The tag:syncstage tag contains definitions of each Pipeline stage.

Attributes of tag:syncstage Tags

attr:name - required. VkPipelineStageFlagBits2 name
attr:alias - optional. Semantically equivalent name which is an alias of attr:name.

Contents of tag:syncstage Tags

More information about the Pipeline stage using either tag:syncequivalent or tag:syncsupport

Sync Access (tag:syncaccess Tag)

The tag:syncaccess tag contains definitions of each Access mask.

Attributes of tag:syncaccess Tags

attr:name - required. VkAccessFlagBits2 name
attr:alias - optional. Semantically equivalent name which is an alias of attr:name.

Contents of tag:syncaccess Tags

More information about the Access mask using either tag:syncequivalent or tag:syncsupport

Sync Pipeline (tag:syncpipeline Tag)

The tag:syncpipeline tag contains definitions of each type of Pipeline.

Attributes of tag:syncpipeline Tags

attr:name - required. A unique string identifying the pipeline.

Contents of tag:syncpipeline Tags

The tag:syncpipeline lists each pipeline stage in logical order using tag:syncpipelinestage. Stages have extra attributes to describe special ordering within the list

Sync Support (tag:syncsupport Tag)

The tag:syncsupport tag contains information what support there is for a given Sync element.

Attributes of tag:syncsupport Tags

attr:queues - optional. A comma-separated list of Queue types that are supported.
attr:stage - optional. A comma-separated list of Sync Stages that are supported. This is used to cross-reference with tag:syncstage

Sync Equivalent (tag:syncequivalent Tag)

The tag:syncequivalent tag contains information showing a one-to-many relationship of Sync elements

Attributes of tag:syncsupport Tags

attr:stage - optional. A comma-separated list of Sync Stages that are the OR logical equivalence of the parent Sync Element
attr:access - optional. A comma-separated list of Sync Accesses that are the OR logical equivalence of the parent Sync Element

Attributes for API Version Number Enables

attr:version - required. An API feature name, matching a tag:feature attr:name attribute value.

If the API version is supported, the SPIR-V extension or capability is enabled.

Attributes for API Extension Enables

attr:extension - required. An API extension name, matching an tag:extension attr:name attribute value.

If the API extension is supported and enabled, the SPIR-V extension or capability is enabled.

Attributes for API Feature Enables

attr:struct - required. An API feature structure name, matching a tag:struct attr:name attribute value.
attr:feature - required. An API feature name, matching a tag:member tag:name value of the feature structure.
attr:requires - required. A comma-separated list of API feature version numbers and/or extension names.
attr:alias - optional. Another API feature name which is an alias of attr:feature. Needed when the same feature is provided by two different API versions or extensions.

If one of the API feature version numbers or extensions in the attr:requires list is supported or enabled, respectively; and if the attr:feature name is enabled in the feature structure, the SPIR-V capability is enabled.

API feature enables are not supported for tag:spirvextension tags.

Attributes for API Property Enables

attr:property - required. An API property structure name, matching a tag:struct attr:name attribute value.
attr:member - required. An API property name, matching a tag:member tag:name value of the attr:property structure.
attr:value - required. A value, matching an API tag:enum tag:name value. If the property is a bitfield, tag:value must be a bitmask value belonging to the attr:member bitfield type. Otherwise, tag:value must be an tag:enum name defined for the attr:member enumeration type.
attr:requires - optional. A comma-separated list of API feature version numbers and/or extension names.

If one of the API feature version numbers or extensions in the attr:requires list is supported or enabled, respectively; and if the attr:member property contains the tag:value bit, or matches the tag:value, the SPIR-V capability is enabled.

API property enables are not supported for tag:spirvextension tags.

Contents of tag:enable Tags

None.

Examples / FAQ / How Do I?

For people new to the Registry, it will not be immediately obvious how to make changes. This section includes some tips and examples that will help you make changes to the Vulkan headers by changing the Registry XML description.

First, follow the steps described to get the Vulkan GitHub repository containing the registry and assemble the tools necessary to work with the XML registry. Once you are able to regenerate the Vulkan headers from vk.xml, you can start making changes.

General Strategy

If you are adding to the API, perform the following steps to create the description of that API element:

For each type, enum group, compile time constant, and command being added, create appropriate new tag:type, tag:enums, tag:enum, or tag:command tags defining the interface in question.
Make sure that all added types and commands appropriately tag their dependencies on other types by adding nested tag:type tags.
Make sure that each new tag defines the name of the corresponding type, enum group, constant, or command, and that structure/union types and commands tag the types and names of all their members and parameters. This is essential for the automatic dependency process to work.

If you are modifying existing APIs, just make appropriate changes in the existing tags.

Once the definition is added, proceed to the next section to create dependencies on the changed feature.

API Feature Dependencies

When you add new API elements, they will not result in corresponding changes in the generated header unless they are required by the interface being generated. This makes it possible to include different API versions and extensions in a single registry and pull them out as needed. So you must introduce a dependency on new features in the corresponding tag:feature tag.

There are multiple API versions defined for Vulkan at this time. The initial Vulkan 1.0 tag can be found by searching for

<feature api="vulkan" name="VK_VERSION_1_0"

Inside a tag:feature tag are multiple tag:require tags. Some of these tags are used to express extension interactions, and others only as a logical grouping mechanism for related parts of that API feature.

API Feature Walkthrough

This section walks through the first few required API features in the vk.xml tag:feature tag, showing how each requirement pulls in type, token, and command definitions and turns those into definitions in the C header file vulkan_core.h.

Consider the first few lines of the tag:feature:

<require comment="Header boilerplate">
    <type name="vk_platform"/>
</require>
<require comment="API constants">
    <enum name="VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME"/>
    <enum name="VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME"/>
    ...
</require>
<require comment="Device initialization">
    <command name="vkCreateInstance"/>
    ...

The first tag:require block says to require a type named vk_platform. If you look at the beginning of the tag:types section, there is a corresponding definition section:

<type name="vk_platform">#include "vk_platform.h"
#define VK_MAKE_VERSION(major, minor, patch) \
    ((major &lt;&lt; 22) | (minor &lt;&lt; 12) | patch)
    ...

This section is invoked by the requirement and emits a bunch of boilerplate C code. The explicit dependency is not strictly required since vk_platform will be required by many other types, but placing it first causes this to appear first in the output file.

Note that vk_platform does not correspond to an actual C type, but instead to a collection of freeform preprocessor includes and macros and comments. Most other tag:type tags do define a specific type and are much simpler, but this approach can be used to inject arbitrary C into the Vulkan headers when there is no other way. In general inserting arbitrary C is strongly discouraged outside of specific special cases like this.

The next tag:require block pulls in some compile time constants. These correspond to the definitions found in the first tag:enums section of vk.xml:

<enums name="API Constants"
       comment="Vulkan hardcoded constants - not an enumerated type, part of the header boilerplate">
    <enum value="256"        name="VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME"/>
    <enum value="256"        name="VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME"/>
    ...

The third tag:require block starts pulling in some Vulkan commands. The first command corresponds to the following definition found in the tag:commands section of vk.xml:

<commands>
    <command>
        <proto><type>VkResult</type> <name>vkCreateInstance</name></proto>
        <param>const <type>VkInstanceCreateInfo</type>* <name>pCreateInfo</name></param>
        <param><type>VkInstance</type>* <name>pInstance</name></param>
    </command>
    ...

In turn, the tag:command tag requires the tag:types VkResult, VkInstanceCreateInfo, and VkInstance as part of its definition. The definitions of these types are determined as follows:

For VkResult, the corresponding required tag:type is:

<type name="VkResult" category="enum"/>

Since this is an enumeration type, it simply links to an tag:enums tag with the same name:

<enums name="VkResult" type="enum" comment="API result codes">
        <comment>Return codes (positive values)</comment>
    <enum value="0"     name="VK_SUCCESS"/>
    <enum value="1"     name="VK_UNSUPPORTED"/>
    <enum value="2"     name="VK_NOT_READY"/>
    ...
        <comment>Error codes (negative values)</comment>
    <enum value="-1"    name="VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY" comment="A host memory allocation has failed"/>
    ...

For VkInstanceCreateInfo, the required tag:type is:

<type category="struct" name="VkInstanceCreateInfo">
    <member values="VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO"><type>VkStructureType</type> <name>sType</name></member>
    <member>const void*                         <name>pNext</name></member>
    <member>const <type>VkApplicationInfo</type>* <name>pAppInfo</name></member>
    <member>const <type>VkAllocCallbacks</type>* <name>pAllocCb</name></member>
    <member><type>uint32_t</type>               <name>extensionCount</name></member>
    <member>const <type>char</type>*const*      <name>ppEnabledExtensionNames</name></member>
</type>

This is a structure type, defining a C struct with all the members defined in each tag:member tag in order. In addition, it requires some other types, whose definitions are located by name in exactly the same fashion.

For the final direct dependency of the command, VkInstance, the required tag:type is:

    <comment>Types which can be void pointers or class pointers, selected at compile time</comment>
<type>VK_DEFINE_BASE_HANDLE(<name>VkObject</name>)</type>
<type>VK_DEFINE_DISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(<name>VkInstance</name>, <type>VkObject</type>)</type>

In this case, the type VkInstance is defined by a special compile time macro which defines it as a derived class of VkObject (for C``) or a less typesafe definition (for C). This macro is not part of the type dependency analysis, just the boilerplate used in the header.

If these are the only tag:feature dependencies in vk.xml, the resulting vulkan_core.h header will look like this:

#ifndef VULKAN_H_
#define VULKAN_H_ 1

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/*
** Copyright 2015-2024 The Khronos Group Inc.
    ...
*/

/*
** This header is generated from the Khronos Vulkan XML API Registry.
**
** Generated on date 20170208
*/


#define VK_VERSION_1_0 1
#include "vk_platform.h"
#define VK_MAKE_VERSION(major, minor, patch) \
    ((major << 22) | (minor << 12) | patch)

// Vulkan API version supported by this file
#define VK_API_VERSION VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 104, 0)

#if defined (__cplusplus) && (VK_UINTPTRLEAST64_MAX == UINTPTR_MAX)
    #define VK_TYPE_SAFE_COMPATIBLE_HANDLES 1
#endif

#if defined(VK_TYPE_SAFE_COMPATIBLE_HANDLES) && !defined(VK_DISABLE_TYPE_SAFE_HANDLES)
    #define VK_DEFINE_PTR_HANDLE(_obj) struct _obj##_T { char _placeholder; }; typedef _obj##_T* _obj;
    #define VK_DEFINE_PTR_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) struct _obj##_T : public _base##_T {}; typedef _obj##_T* _obj;

    #define VK_DEFINE_BASE_HANDLE(_obj) VK_DEFINE_PTR_HANDLE(_obj)
    #define VK_DEFINE_DISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) VK_DEFINE_PTR_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base)
    #define VK_DEFINE_NONDISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) VK_DEFINE_PTR_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base)
#else
    #define VK_DEFINE_BASE_HANDLE(_obj) typedef VkUintPtrLeast64 _obj;
    #define VK_DEFINE_DISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) typedef uintptr_t _obj;
    #define VK_DEFINE_NONDISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) typedef VkUintPtrLeast64 _obj;
#endif

typedef enum {
    VK_SUCCESS = 0,
    VK_UNSUPPORTED = 1,
    VK_NOT_READY = 2,
    ...
} VkResult;
typedef enum {
    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO = 0,
    ...
} VKStructureType;
typedef struct {
    VkStructureType                             sType;
    const void*                                 pNext;
    const char*                                 pAppName;
    uint32_t                                    appVersion;
    const char*                                 pEngineName;
    uint32_t                                    engineVersion;
    uint32_t                                    apiVersion;
} VkApplicationInfo;
typedef enum {
    VK_SYSTEM_ALLOC_TYPE_API_OBJECT = 0,
    ...
} VkSystemAllocType;
typedef void* (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkAllocFunction)(
    void*                           pUserData,
    size_t                          size,
    size_t                          alignment,
    VkSystemAllocType               allocType);
typedef void (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkFreeFunction)(
    void*                           pUserData,
    void*                           pMem);
typedef struct {
    void*                                       pUserData;
    PFN_vkAllocFunction                         pfnAlloc;
    PFN_vkFreeFunction                          pfnFree;
} VkAllocCallbacks;
typedef struct {
    VkStructureType                             sType;
    const void*                                 pNext;
    const VkApplicationInfo*                    pAppInfo;
    const VkAllocCallbacks*                     pAllocCb;
    uint32_t                                    extensionCount;
    const char*const*                           ppEnabledExtensionNames;
} VkInstanceCreateInfo;
VK_DEFINE_BASE_HANDLE(VkObject)
VK_DEFINE_DISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(VkInstance, VkObject)
#define VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME       256
#define VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME             256
typedef VkResult (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkCreateInstance)(const VkInstanceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, VkInstance* pInstance);
#ifndef VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateInstance(
    const VkInstanceCreateInfo*                 pCreateInfo,
    VkInstance*                                 pInstance);
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif

Note that several additional types are pulled in by the type dependency analysis, but only those types, commands, and tokens required by the specified features are generated.

How to Add a Compile Time Constant

Go to the desired tag:feature or tag:extension tag. Add (if not present) a nested tag:require block labelled

<require comment="API constants">

In this block, add an (appropriately indented) tag like

    <enum name="VK_THE_ANSWER"/>

Then go to the tag:enums block labelled

<enums comment="Misc. hardcoded constants - not an enumerated type">

In this block, add a tag whose attr:name attribute matches the attr:name you defined above and whose attr:value attribute is the value to give the constant:

    <enum value="42" type="uint32_t" name="VK_THE_ANSWER"/>

The attr:type attribute must be present, and must have one of the allowed values uint32_t, uint64_t, or float.

Allowed Format of Compile Time Constants

The attr:value attribute must be a legal C99 constant scalar expression when evaluated at compilation time. Allowed expressions are additionally restricted to the following syntax:

a single C decimal integer or floating-point value
optionally prefixed with ~
optionally suffixed with U, UL, ULL, or F
and the entire expression optionally surrounded by paired ( and ).

How to Add a Struct or Union Type

For this example, assume we want to define a type corresponding to a C struct defined as follows:

typedef struct {
    VkStructureType          sType;
    const void*              pNext;
    const VkApplicationInfo* pAppInfo;
    const VkAllocCallbacks*  pAllocCb;
    uint32_t                 extensionCount;
    const char*const*        ppEnabledExtensionNames;
} VkInstanceCreateInfo;

If VkInstanceCreateInfo is the type of a parameter of a command in the API, make sure that command’s definition (see below for how to add a command) puts VkInstanceCreateInfo in nested tag:type tags where it is used.

Otherwise, if the struct type is not used directly by a command in the API, nor required by a chain of type dependencies for other commands, an explicit tag:type dependency should be added to the tag:feature tag. Go to the tag:types tag and search for the nested block labelled

<require comment="Types not directly used by the API. Include e.g. structs that are not parameter types of commands, but still defined by the API.">
    ...

In this block, add a tag whose attr:name attribute matches the attr:name of the struct type being defined:

<require comment="API types not used by commands">
    <type name="VkInstanceCreateInfo"/>
    ...

Then go to the tag:types tag and add a new tag:type tag defining the struct names and members, somewhere below the corresponding comment, like this:

<types>
    ...
        <comment>Struct types</comment>
    <type category="struct" name="VkInstanceCreateInfo">
        <member><type>VkStructureType</type>
                <name>sType</name></member>
        <member>const void*
                <name>pNext</name></member>
        <member>const <type>VkApplicationInfo</type>*
                <name>pAppInfo</name></member>
        <member>const <type>VkAllocCallbacks</type>*
                <name>pAllocCb</name></member>
        <member><type>uint32_t</type>
                <name>extensionCount</name></member>
        <member>const <type>char</type>*const*
                <name>ppEnabledExtensionNames</name></member>
    </type>
    ...

If any of the member types are types also defined in the header, make sure to enclose those type names in nested tag:type tags, as shown above. Basic C types should not be tagged.

If the type is a C union, rather than a struct, then set the value of the attr:category attribute to "union" instead of "struct".

How to Add an Enumerated Type

For this example, assume we want to define a type corresponding to a C enum defined as follows:

typedef enum {
    VK_DEVICE_CREATE_VALIDATION_BIT = 0x00000001,
    VK_DEVICE_CREATE_MULTI_DEVICE_IQ_MATCH_BIT = 0x00000002;
} VkDeviceCreateFlagBits.

If VkDeviceCreateFlagBits is the type of a parameter to a command in the API, or of a member in a structure or union, make sure that command parameter or struct member’s definition puts VkDeviceCreateFlagBits in nested tag:type tags where it is used.

Otherwise, if the enumerated type is not used directly by a command in the API, nor required by a chain of type dependencies for commands and structs, an explicit tag:type dependency should be added to the tag:feature tag in exactly the same fashion as described above for struct types.

Next, go to the line labelled

<comment>Vulkan enumerant (token) definitions</comment>

At an appropriate point below this line, add an tag:enums tag whose attr:name attribute matches the tag:type name VkDeviceCreateFlagBits, and whose contents correspond to the individual fields of the enumerated type:

<enums name="VkDeviceCreateFlagBits" type="bitmask">
    <enum bitpos="0" name="VK_DEVICE_CREATE_VALIDATION_BIT"/>
    <enum bitpos="1" name="VK_DEVICE_CREATE_MULTI_DEVICE_IQ_MATCH_BIT"/>
</enums>

Several other attributes of the tag:enums tag can be set. In this case, the attr:type attribute is set to "bitmask", indicating that the individual enumerants represent elements of a bitmask.

The individual tag:enum tags define the enumerants, just like the definition for compile time constants described above. In this case, because the enumerants are bits in a bitmask, their values are specified using the attr:bitpos attribute. The value of this attribute must be an integer in the range [0,30] specifying a single bit number, and the resulting value is printed as a hexadecimal constant corresponding to that bit.

It is also possible to specify enumerant values using the attr:value attribute, in which case the specified numeric value is passed through to the C header unchanged.

How to Add Bit Flags

Bit masks are defined by two types in the xml - the type of the mask itself, and the type of the valid flags.

For this example, assume we want to define bit flags that can handle up to 64 independent values as follows:

// Flag bits for VkExampleFlagBits
typedef VkFlags64 VkExampleFlagBits;
static const VkExampleFlagBits VK_EXAMPLE_NONE = 0;
static const VkExampleFlagBits VK_EXAMPLE_FIRST_BIT = 0x00000001;
static const VkExampleFlagBits VK_EXAMPLE_SECOND_BIT = 0x00000002;

typedef VkFlags64 VkExampleFlags;

An explicit tag:type dependency should be added to the tag:feature tag in exactly the same fashion as described above for struct types.

Firstly, a definition is needed for the flags type used as a parameter to commands or member of functions. Go to the line labelled:

<comment>Bitmask types</comment>

At the end of the list of VkFlags and VkFlags64 types, add a definition of the flags type like so:

<type bitvalues="VkExampleFlagBits" category="bitmask">typedef <type>VkFlags64</type> <name>VkExampleFlags</name>;</type>

The attr:category defines this as a "bitmask" type. The attr:bitvalues attribute identifies the *FlagBits entry defining the flag bits associated with this type.

Next, go to the line labelled:

<comment>Types generated from corresponding enums tags below</comment>

At an appropriate point in the list of enum types after this comment, add the following line:

<type name="VkExampleFlagBits" category="enum"/>

This defines a type for the flag bits for generators that need it. The attr:category attribute of "enum" identifies that this is an enumerated type.

Finally, go to the line labelled:

<comment>Vulkan enumerant (token) definitions</comment>

At the end of the list of enum definitions below this line, add an tag:enums tag whose attr:name attribute matches the tag:type name VkExampleFlagBits, and whose contents correspond to the individual fields of the enumerated type:

<enums name="VkExampleFlagBits" type="bitmask" bitwidth="64">
    <enum value="0" name="VK_EXAMPLE_NONE"/>
    <enum bitpos="0" name="VK_EXAMPLE_FIRST_BIT"/>
    <enum bitpos="1" name="VK_EXAMPLE_SECOND_BIT"/>
</enums>

The attr:type attribute is set to "bitmask", indicating that the individual enumerants represent elements of a bitmask. The attr:bitwidth attribute is set to "64" indicating that this is a 64-bit flag type.

The individual tag:enum tags define the enumerants, just like the definition for compile time constants described above. In this case, a "no flags" type is defined in VK_EXAMPLE_NONE with the attr:value attribute defining it to have a hard value of 0. The other types have their values are specified using the attr:bitpos attribute, as these are actual bit flag values. The value of this attribute must be an integer in the range [0,63] specifying a single bit number, and the resulting value is printed as a hexadecimal constant corresponding to that bit.

32-bit Flags

Bit flags can also be defined using 32-bit C enum types. Doing so is broadly similar to 64-bit bit flags, but with a few key differences. For this example, assume we want to define the same type as above, but corresponding to a C enum and flags type defined as follows:

typedef enum VkExampleFlagBits {
    VK_EXAMPLE_NONE
    VK_DEVICE_CREATE_VALIDATION_BIT = 0x00000001,
    VK_DEVICE_CREATE_MULTI_DEVICE_IQ_MATCH_BIT = 0x00000002;
} VkExampleFlagBits;

typedef VkFlags VkExampleFlags;

To add this to the xml, entries need to be added to the XML in the same way as above, but with slightly different attributes:

For the flag type definition, the entry should use VkFlags instead of VkFlags64, and require the flag bits type, instead of specifying the attr:bitvalues attribute:

<type requires="VkExampleFlagBits" category="bitmask">typedef <type>VkFlags</type> <name>VkExampleFlags</name>;</type>

For the definition of the enumerated flag values themselves, the bitwidth needs to either be changed to "32", or omitted entirely (which defaults to a bitwidth of 32) as follows:

<enums name="VkExampleFlagBits" type="bitmask">

Note that 32-bit bitmasks must use an integer in the range [0,30] - C enums are only guaranteed to support signed 32-bit integer values, and defining an unsigned value for the 31st bit could change the size of the enum type. The generator scripts will warn about values exceeding this range.

How to Add a Command

For this example, assume we want to define the command:

VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateInstance(
    const VkInstanceCreateInfo*                 pCreateInfo,
    VkInstance*                                 pInstance);

Commands must always be explicitly required in the tag:feature tag. In that tag, you can use an existing tag:require block including API features which the new command should be grouped with, or define a new block. For this example, add a new block, and require the command by using the tag:command tag inside that block:

<feature api="vulkan" name="VK_VERSION_1_0" number="1.0" comment="Vulkan core API interface definitions">
    ...
    <require comment="Device initialization">
        <command name="vkCreateInstance"/>
    </require>
    ...
</feature>

The tag:require block may include a attr:comment attribute whose value is a descriptive comment of the contents required within that block. The comment is not currently used in header generation, but might be in the future, so use comments which are polite and meaningful to users of the generated header files.

Then go to the tag:commands tag and add a new tag:command tag defining the command, preferably sorted into alphabetic order with other commands for ease of reading, as follows:

<commands comment="Vulkan command definitions">
    ...
    <command>
        <proto><type>VkResult</type>
               <name>vkCreateInstance</name></proto>
        <param>const <type>VkInstanceCreateInfo</type>*
               <name>pCreateInfo</name></param>
        <param><type>VkInstance</type>*
               <name>pInstance</name></param>
    </command>
    ...
</commands>

The tag:proto tag defines the return type and function name of the command. The tag:param tags define the command’s parameters in the order in which they are passed, including the parameter type and name. The contents are laid out in the same way as the structure tag:member tags described previously.

More Complicated API Representations

The registry schema can represent a good deal of additional information, for example by creating multiple tag:feature tags defining different API versions and extensions. This capability is not yet relevant to Vulkan. Those capabilities will be documented as they are needed.

More Complicated Output Formats and Other Languages

The registry schema is oriented towards C-language APIs. Types and commands are defined using syntax which is a subset of C, especially for structure members and command parameters. It would be possible to use a language-independent syntax for representing such information, but since we are writing a C API, any such representation would have to be converted into C anyway at some stage.

The vulkan.h header is written using an output generator object in the Python scripts. This output generator is specialized for C, but the design of the scripts is intended to support writing output generators for other languages as well as purposes such as documentation (e.g. generating asciidoc fragments corresponding to types and commands for use in the API specification and reference pages). When targeting other languages, the amount of parsing required to convert type declarations into other languages is small. However, it will probably be necessary to modify some of the boilerplate C text, or specialize the tags by language, to support such generators.

Additional Semantic Tagging

The schema is being extended to support semantic tags describing various properties of API features, such as:

constraints on allowed scalar values to function parameters (non-NULL, normalized floating-point, etc.)
length of arrays corresponding to function pointer parameters
miscellaneous properties of commands such as whether the application or system is responsible for threadsafe use; which queues they may be issued on; whether they are aliases or otherwise related to other commands; etc.

These tags will be used by other tools for purposes such as helping create validation layers, generating serialization code, and so on. We would like to eventually represent everything about the API that is amenable to automatic processing within the registry schema. Please make suggestions on the GitHub issue tracker.

Stability of the XML Database and Schema

The Vulkan XML schema is evolving in response to corresponding changes in the Vulkan API and ecosystem. Most such change will probably be confined to adding attributes to existing tags and properly expressing the relationships to them, and making API changes corresponding to accepted feature requests. Changes to the schema should be described in the change log of this document. Changes to the .xml files and Python scripts are logged in GitHub history.

Change Log

2024-01-31 - Specify the meaning of the tag:member attr:len attribute of structure members when the member is a static array (internal issue 3743).
2023-11-24 - Clarify that the promotedto relationship which may be defined for tag:extension tags does not promise exact API-level compatibility (internal issue 4819).
2023-06-28 - remove support for tag:member and tag:param attr:optional attribute value "false" (internal issue 3548).
2023-06-14 - removed deprecated attr:start and attr:end from tag:enums
2023-05-18 - Add tag:sync to help define all sync objects in the XML
2023-03-29 - add tag:extension attr:ratified attribute to express ratification status.
2023-02-26 - add normative references section, cite it as needed, and update description of tag:extension tags to refer to the style guide for computing numeric enumerant values (public issue 2069).
2023-02-22 - specify that attr:depends expressions are evaluated left-to-right for operators of the same precedence (public issue 2062).
2023-02-14 - replace tag:extension attributes attr:requiresCore and attr:requires, and tag:require attributes attr:feature and attr:extension, by a new attr:depends attribute. This is an intentional breaking change to support a more flexible and consistent expression syntax for these dependencies (internal issues 2883, 3272).
2023-01-11 - add attr:deprecated attribute to tag:enum, tag:type, and tag:type tag:member tags.
2022-11-23 - update tag:command attr:queues syntax to include all queue types currently in use.
2022-08-12 - update tag:requires attr:extension syntax to support logical OR and AND constructs for multiple extensions (internal issue 2922).
2022-07-11 - Add attr:videocoding attribute to tag:command tags to indicate whether a command buffer command can be recorded inside, outside, or both inside and outside of a video coding scope.
2022-06-29 - Add tag:command attribute attr:tasks (internal issue 3117).
2022-06-22 - Add attr:validstructs attribute to command tag:param tags when using an abstract VkBaseInStructure or VkBaseOutStructure as the formal parameter type.
2022-06-16 - Add VkSparseImageFormatProperties* to the list of structure types allowed to have 'limittype' member attributes.
2022-06-08 - Add exact, bits, mul and pot limit types.
2022-06-08 - Update description of types to which the attr:limittype attribute of structure tag:member tags can be applied (internal issue 3101).
2022-06-08 - Update description of tag:extension attr:requires attribute such that the specified extensions must be enabled, not just supported. This is consistent with the following NOTE, the specification description of “required extensions”, and actual use in the XML of this attribute (internal issue 3116).
2021-12-13 - Add attr:api attribute to the tag:member and tag:param tags.
2021-11-29 - Add attr:api attribute to the tag:command tag.
2021-10-11 - Add description of the tag:formats tag for describing Vulkan VkFormat image formats, and of the tag:spirvextensions and tag:spirvcapabilities tags for describing enabling mechanisms for SPIR-V extensions (internal issue 2484).
2021-09-13 - Further clarify that attr:api and attr:supported attributes are comma-separated list of API names (internal issue 2809).
2021-08-22 - Update introductory descriptions of toolchain and scripts.
2021-08-15 - Add an explicit description of the tag:enum attr:extends attribute as introducing a requirement for the enumerated type being extended.
2021-07-12 - Note that tag:extension tags describing instance extensions must not have dependencies on device extensions (internal issue 2387).
2021-06-14 - Add an objecttype attribute which specifies the relationship between a Vulkan handle and another member or parameter specifying the type of object that handle refers to (public issue 1536).
2021-06-06 - Update description of the attr:supported attribute of tag:extension tags to mandate that disabled extensions are not processed (public issue 1549).
2021-04-21 - Add the attr:limittype attribute to structure tag:member tags, to describe how queried limits are interpreted (internal issue 2427).
2021-03-30 - Add a description of the allowed format of compile time constants (internal merge request 4451).
2021-03-22 - Update allowed values for the attr:type attribute of tag:enum tags and make it mandatory (internal issue 2564).
2021-01-11 - Expand the scope of the attr:optional attribute tag:member and tag:param tags to specify that the member or parameter may be 0 for all scalar types, not just bitmasks and array sizes (internal issue 2435).
2020-11-23 - Add objtypeenum attribute to tag:type tags to link the object name to the corresponding VK_OBJECT_TYPE_* enumerant, if any (internal issue 2393).
2020-11-22 - Add requirement that pNext members have the optional="true" attribute set (internal issue 2428).
2020-10-14 - Remove advice to set the attr:noautovalidity attribute on the pNext member of extending structures in the tag:type tag, since the validity generator scripts now take care of this (internal issue 2335).
2020-06-02 - Add description of how to switch between 64- and 32-bit flags.
2020-05-07 - Update description of API Names to current usage, including allowing specifying multiple API names for a given feature or extension.
2020-04-29 - Expand use of attr:category basetype in tag:type tags to include external API types.
2020-02-20 - Clarify that tag:enum tags inside tag:remove tags must be reference enums, not containing attributes defining values.
2020-01-13 - Restrict attr:bitpos to [0,30] to avoid poorly defined compiler behavior.
2019-08-25 - Add attr:sortorder attribute to tag:feature and tag:extension tags.
2018-12-06 - Specify that command aliases are not guaranteed to resolve to the same entry point in the underlying layer stack, matching a related clarification in the Vulkan Specification.
2018-10-01 - Add description of the default value of attr:optional member and parameter attributes, if not specified.
2018-08-28 - Add optional attr:provisional attribute to tag:extension tags.
2018-07-07 - Add optional attr:promotedto, attr:deprecatedby, and attr:obsoletedby attributes to tag:extension tags.
2018-06-25 - Remove attr:vendorids tags for Khronos vendor IDs.
2018-05-08 - Add tag:driverids and tag:driverid tags for describing Vulkan driver implementation identification information.
2018-04-15 - Add attr:requiresCore.
2018-03-07 - Updated for Vulkan 1.1 release.
2018-02-21 - Add descriptions of the attr:extnumber and attr:alias attributes used for defining tag:enum attributes, the attr:alias attribute used for defining tag:type aliases, the attr:name and attr:alias attributes used for defining tag:command aliases, the attr:platform attribute of tag:extension tags, and the attr:feature attribute of tag:require tags; and update the document to the header naming and grouping scheme used starting in Vulkan 1.1.
2018-01-07 - Add tag:platforms and tag:platform tags for describing Vulkan platform names and preprocessor symbols.
2017-09-10 - Define syntax of member and parameter attr:altlen attributes, for use by code generators.
2017-09-01 - Define syntax of member and parameter attr:len attributes consistently and correctly for current uses of latexmath:
2017-08-24 - Note that the tag:extension attribute attr:type must be specified if the extension is not disabled.
2017-07-27 - Finish removing validextensionstructs attribute and replacing it with structextends.
2017-07-14 - Add comment attributes or tags as valid content in several places, replacing XML comments which could not be preserved by XML transformation tools.
2017-02-20 - Change to asciidoctor markup and move into the specification source directory for ease of building.
2016-09-27 - Remove tag:validity and tag:usage tags, since these explicit usage statements have been moved to the specification source.
2016-08-26 - Update for the single-branch model.
2016-07-28 - Add attr:type and attr:requires attributes to tag:extension tags.
2016-02-22 - Change math markup in attr:len attributes to use asciidoc \(` and `\) delimiters.
2016-02-19 - Add attr:successcodes and attr:errorcodes attributes of tag:command tags. Add a subsection to the introduction describing the schema choices and how to file issues against the registry.
2016-02-07 - Add attr:vendorids tags for Khronos vendor IDs.
2015-12-10 - Add attr:author and attr:contact attributes for tag:extension tags.
2015-12-07 - Move vulkan/vulkan.h to a subdirectory.
2015-12-01 - Add tag:tags tags for author tags.
2015-11-18 - Bring documentation and schema up to date for extension enumerants.
2015-11-02 - Bring documentation and schema up to date with several recent merges, including tag:validity tags. Still out of date WRT extension enumerants, but that will change soon.
2015-09-08 - Rename threadsafe attribute to attr:externsync, and implicitunsafeparams tag to attr:implicitexternsync.
2015-09-07 - Update tag:command tag description to remove the attr:threadsafe attribute and replace it with a combination of attr:threadunsafe attributes on individual parameters, and tag:implicitunsafeparams tags describing additional unsafe objects for the command.
2015-08-04 - Add basetype and funcpointer attr:category values for type tags, and explain the intended use and order in which types in each category are emitted.
2015-07-02 - Update description of Makefile targets. Add descriptions of attr:threadsafe, attr:queues, and attr:renderpass attributes of tag:command tags, and of attr:modified attributes of tag:param tags.
2015-06-17 - add descriptions of allowed attr:category attribute values of tag:type tags, used to group and sort related categories of declarations together in the generated header.
2015-06-04 - Add examples of making changes and additions to the registry.
2015-06-03 - Move location to new vulkan Git repository. Add definition of tag:type tags for C struct/unions. Start adding examples of making changes.
2015-06-02 - Branch from OpenGL specfile documentation and bring up to date with current Vulkan schema.
2015-07-10 - Remove contractions to match the style guide.
2015-07-19 - Move this document from LaTeX to asciidoc source format and make minor changes to markup.

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The Khronos® Vulkan® API Registry

Introduction

Schema Choices

Normative References

Getting Started

Header Generation Script - genvk.py

Registry Processing Script - reg.py

Output Generator Script - generator.py

Vulkan Registry Schema

Profiles

API Names

Registry Root (tag:registry Tag)

Attributes of tag:registry Tags

Contents of tag:registry Tags

Comment Tags (tag:comment Tag)

Platform Name Blocks (tag:platforms Tag)

Attributes of tag:platforms Tags

Contents of tag:platforms Tags

Platform Names (tag:platform Tag)

Attributes of tag:platform Tags

Contents of tag:platform Tags

Author ID Blocks (tag:tags Tag)

Attributes of tag:tags Tags

Contents of tag:tags Tags

Author IDs (tag:tag Tag)

Attributes of tag:tag Tags

Contents of tag:tag Tags

API Type Blocks (tag:types Tag)

Attributes of tag:types Tags

Contents of tag:types Tags

API Type (tag:type Tag)

Attributes of tag:type Tags

Contents of tag:type Tags

Enumerated Types - attr:category "enum"

Structure Types - attr:category "struct" or "union"

Structure Member (tag:member) Tags

Attributes of tag:member Tags

Contents of tag:member Tags

All Other Types

Example of a tag:types Tag

Enumerant Blocks (tag:enums Tag)

Attributes of tag:enums Tags

Contents of tag:enums Tags

Example of tag:enums Tags

Enumerants (tag:enum Tag)

Attributes of tag:enum Tags

Contents of tag:enum Tags

Unused Enumerants (tag:unused Tag)

Attributes of tag:unused Tags

Contents of tag:unused Tags

Command Blocks (tag:commands Tag)

Attributes of tag:commands Tags

Contents of tag:commands Tags

Commands (tag:command Tag)

Attributes of tag:command Tags

Contents of tag:command Tags

Command Prototype (tag:proto Tags)

Attributes of tag:proto Tags

Contents of tag:proto Tags

Command Parameter (tag:param Tags)

Attributes of tag:param Tags

Contents of tag:param Tags

Example of a tag:commands Tag

API Features and Versions (tag:feature Tag)

Attributes of tag:feature Tags

Contents of tag:feature Tags

Example of a tag:feature Tag

Extension Blocks (tag:extensions Tag)

Attributes of tag:extensions Tags

Contents of tag:extensions Tags

API Extensions (tag:extension Tag)

Attributes of tag:extension Tags

Contents of tag:extension Tags

Example of an tag:extensions Tag

The Khronos^® Vulkan^® API Registry

Header Generation Script - `genvk.py`

Registry Processing Script - `reg.py`

Output Generator Script - `generator.py`

Enumerated Types - attr:category `"enum"`

Structure Types - attr:category `"struct"` or `"union"`