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KV Cache Quantization and Test Results

For the LLaMa-7B fp16 model with a maximum length of 2048, the server requires approximately 1030MB of GPU memory to store kv_cache for each concurrent session created. This means that even an A100 80G can only serve a limited number of users.

To reduce runtime GPU memory usage, we have implemented PTQ quantization for kv cache, using the following formula:

zp = (min+max) / 2
scale = (max-min) / 255
quant: q = round( (f-zp) / scale)
dequant: f = q * scale + zp

How to Enable KV Cache INT8

Step One

Convert the Hugging Face model format to the TurboMind inference format to create a workspace directory.

lmdeploy convert internlm-chat-7b /path/to/internlm-chat-7b

If you already have a workspace directory, skip this step.

Step Two

Get the quantization parameters by these two steps:

# get minmax
lmdeploy lite calibrate \
  --model $HF_MODEL \
  --calib_dataset 'c4' \             # Support c4, ptb, wikitext2, pileval
  --calib_samples 128 \              # Number of samples in the calibration set, if the memory is not enough, it can be adjusted appropriately
  --calib_seqlen 2048 \              # Length of a single text, if the memory is not enough, you can adjust it appropriately
  --work_dir $WORK_DIR \             # Directory for saving quantized statistical parameters and quantized weights in Pytorch format

# get quant parameters
lmdeploy lite kv_qparams \
  --work_dir $WORK_DIR  \                             # Directory of the last output
  --turbomind_dir workspace/triton_models/weights/ \ # Directory to save the quantization parameters
  --kv_sym False \                                    # Symmetric or asymmetric quantization, default is False
  --num_tp 1  \                                       # Number of GPUs used for Tensor parallelization, keep it consistent with deploy.py

kv_qparams will generate fp32 scaling factors in the weights directory. The file format is a binary produced by numpy.tofile.

You can also first set turbomind_dir to a private directory, then copy the scaling factors into workspace/triton_models/weights/.

Step Three

Modify workspace/triton_models/weights/config.ini:

  • Set quant_policy to 4. This means enabling kv_cache int8

Step Four

Test the chat performance.

lmdeploy chat turbomind ./workspace

GPU Memory Test

The test object is the internlm-chat-7b model. Testing method:

  1. Use deploy.py to convert the model, modify the maximum concurrency in the workspace configuration; adjust the number of requests in llama_config.ini.
  2. Compile and run bin/llama_triton_example to obtain the GPU memory situation of the fp16 version under different batch_size.
  3. Enable quantization, re-run bin/llama_triton_example to obtain the GPU memory situation of the int8 version under different batch_size.

Below shows the comparison of GPU memory between the two versions:

batch_size fp16 memory(MiB) int8 memory(MiB) diff(MiB)
8 22337 18241 -4096
16 30593 22369 -8224
32 47073 30625 -16448
48 63553 38881 -24672

Compared to directly quantizing Weight (such as GPTQ-for-LLaMa), we have done a comparative estimation of memory growth in the 7B model for both methods, with some data from llama.cpp.

As can be seen, the fp16 version requires 1030MB of GPU memory for each concurrency, so quantizing kv_cache can significantly reduce the rate of increase of runtime memory.

Accuracy Test

The test object is the internlm-chat-7b command model.

Below is the result of PTQ quantization of kCacheKVInt8 method with only 128 randomly selected data from the c4 dataset. The accuracy was tested using opencompass before and after quantization.

task dataset metric int8 fp16 diff
Language winogrande accuracy 60.77 61.48 -0.71
Knowledge nq score 2.69 2.60 +0.09
Reasoning gsm8k accuracy 33.28 34.72 -1.44
Reasoning bbh naive_average 20.12 20.51 -0.39
Understanding openbookqa_fact accuracy 82.40 82.20 +0.20
Understanding eprstmt-dev accuracy 90.62 88.75 +1.87
Safety crows_pairs accuracy 32.56 31.43 +1.13

Note that both kCacheKVInt8 and WeightInt4 methods can be enabled at the same time.