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Add iron-air battery cost using Form Energy fact sheet (#149)
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* Update .gitignore

* Fix typo in documentation

* Fix typo in config.yaml

* Fix typo in compile_cost_assumptions.py

* Add pypsa as requested by _helpers.py

* Fix import in _helpers.py

* Add iron-air battery specifications using Form Energy fact sheet (varying only investment)

* Update release note

* Add time varying efficiencies and FOM for iron-air battery using Form Energy fact sheet

* Add release note

* Remove manual values to determine them through interpolation (same result)
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@tgilon
tgilon authored Nov 6, 2024
1 parent 8b46043 commit 67a5830
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4 changes: 3 additions & 1 deletion docs/release_notes.rst
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Expand Up @@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ Release Notes

* added geothermal district heating as `central geothermal-sourced heat pump` based on DEA technology catalogue ("45.1.a Geothermal DH, 1200m, E")

* Fix minor issues in the code
* fix minor issues in the code

* added iron-air battery cost data from Form Energy


Technology-Data 0.9.2 (30 August 2024)
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Binary file added docu/FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf
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19 changes: 18 additions & 1 deletion inputs/manual_input.csv
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Expand Up @@ -386,4 +386,21 @@ fuelwood,fuel,2050,10.5474097062402,EUR/MWhth,2010,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINB
allam,investment,2030,1500,EUR/kW,2020,Own assumption. TODO: Find better technology data and cost assumptions,
allam,VOM,2030,2,EUR/MWh,2020,Own assumption. TODO: Find better technology data and cost assumptions,
allam,efficiency,2030,0.6,p.u.,2020,Own assumption. TODO: Find better technology data and cost assumptions,
allam,lifetime,2030,30,years,2020,Own assumption. TODO: Find better technology data and cost assumptions,
allam,lifetime,2030,30,years,2020,Own assumption. TODO: Find better technology data and cost assumptions,
iron-air battery,FOM,2025,1.02185373078457,%/year,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery,FOM,2030,1,%/year,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery,FOM,2035,1.10628646943421,%/year,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery,FOM,2040,1.1807773334732,%/year,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery,investment,2025,23.45,EUR/kWh,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery,investment,2030,15.61,EUR/kWh,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery,investment,2035,11.79,EUR/kWh,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery,investment,2040,10.40,EUR/kWh,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,2025,0.70,per unit,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,2030,0.71,per unit,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,2035,0.73,per unit,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,2040,0.74,per unit,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,2025,0.59,per unit,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,2030,0.60,per unit,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,2035,0.62,per unit,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,2040,0.63,per unit,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
iron-air battery,lifetime,2030,17.5,years,2020,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",
5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions outputs/costs_2020.csv
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Expand Up @@ -926,6 +926,11 @@ industrial heat pump medium temperature,efficiency,2.55,per unit,"Danish Energy
industrial heat pump medium temperature,investment,877.2984,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment,2019.0
industrial heat pump medium temperature,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime,2019.0
iron ore DRI-ready,commodity,97.73,EUR/t,"Model assumptions from MPP Steel Transition Tool: https://missionpossiblepartnership.org/action-sectors/steel/, accessed: 2022-12-03.","DRI ready assumes 65% iron content, requiring no additional benefication.",2020.0
iron-air battery,FOM,1.0219,%/year,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,investment,23.45,EUR/kWh,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,lifetime,17.5,years,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,0.7,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,0.59,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
lignite,CO2 intensity,0.4069,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018,,
lignite,FOM,1.31,%/year,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (39.5+91.25) USD/kW_e/a /2 / (1.09 USD/EUR) / investment cost * 100. Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
lignite,VOM,3.2612,EUR/MWh_e,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (3+5.5)USD/MWh_e/2 / (1.09 USD/EUR). Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
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5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions outputs/costs_2025.csv
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Expand Up @@ -926,6 +926,11 @@ industrial heat pump medium temperature,efficiency,2.625,per unit,"Danish Energy
industrial heat pump medium temperature,investment,830.775,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment,2019.0
industrial heat pump medium temperature,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime,2019.0
iron ore DRI-ready,commodity,97.73,EUR/t,"Model assumptions from MPP Steel Transition Tool: https://missionpossiblepartnership.org/action-sectors/steel/, accessed: 2022-12-03.","DRI ready assumes 65% iron content, requiring no additional benefication.",2020.0
iron-air battery,FOM,1.0219,%/year,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,investment,23.45,EUR/kWh,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,lifetime,17.5,years,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,0.7,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,0.59,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
lignite,CO2 intensity,0.4069,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018,,
lignite,FOM,1.31,%/year,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (39.5+91.25) USD/kW_e/a /2 / (1.09 USD/EUR) / investment cost * 100. Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
lignite,VOM,3.2612,EUR/MWh_e,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (3+5.5)USD/MWh_e/2 / (1.09 USD/EUR). Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
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5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions outputs/costs_2030.csv
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Expand Up @@ -926,6 +926,11 @@ industrial heat pump medium temperature,efficiency,2.7,per unit,"Danish Energy A
industrial heat pump medium temperature,investment,784.2516,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment,2019.0
industrial heat pump medium temperature,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime,2019.0
iron ore DRI-ready,commodity,97.73,EUR/t,"Model assumptions from MPP Steel Transition Tool: https://missionpossiblepartnership.org/action-sectors/steel/, accessed: 2022-12-03.","DRI ready assumes 65% iron content, requiring no additional benefication.",2020.0
iron-air battery,FOM,1.0,%/year,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,investment,15.61,EUR/kWh,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,lifetime,17.5,years,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,0.71,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,0.6,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
lignite,CO2 intensity,0.4069,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018,,
lignite,FOM,1.31,%/year,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (39.5+91.25) USD/kW_e/a /2 / (1.09 USD/EUR) / investment cost * 100. Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
lignite,VOM,3.2612,EUR/MWh_e,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (3+5.5)USD/MWh_e/2 / (1.09 USD/EUR). Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
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5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions outputs/costs_2035.csv
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Expand Up @@ -926,6 +926,11 @@ industrial heat pump medium temperature,efficiency,2.75,per unit,"Danish Energy
industrial heat pump medium temperature,investment,759.6808,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment,2019.0
industrial heat pump medium temperature,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime,2019.0
iron ore DRI-ready,commodity,97.73,EUR/t,"Model assumptions from MPP Steel Transition Tool: https://missionpossiblepartnership.org/action-sectors/steel/, accessed: 2022-12-03.","DRI ready assumes 65% iron content, requiring no additional benefication.",2020.0
iron-air battery,FOM,1.1063,%/year,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,investment,11.79,EUR/kWh,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,lifetime,17.5,years,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,0.73,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,0.62,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
lignite,CO2 intensity,0.4069,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018,,
lignite,FOM,1.31,%/year,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (39.5+91.25) USD/kW_e/a /2 / (1.09 USD/EUR) / investment cost * 100. Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
lignite,VOM,3.2612,EUR/MWh_e,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (3+5.5)USD/MWh_e/2 / (1.09 USD/EUR). Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
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5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions outputs/costs_2040.csv
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Expand Up @@ -926,6 +926,11 @@ industrial heat pump medium temperature,efficiency,2.8,per unit,"Danish Energy A
industrial heat pump medium temperature,investment,735.11,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment,2019.0
industrial heat pump medium temperature,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime,2019.0
iron ore DRI-ready,commodity,97.73,EUR/t,"Model assumptions from MPP Steel Transition Tool: https://missionpossiblepartnership.org/action-sectors/steel/, accessed: 2022-12-03.","DRI ready assumes 65% iron content, requiring no additional benefication.",2020.0
iron-air battery,FOM,1.1808,%/year,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,investment,10.4,EUR/kWh,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,lifetime,17.5,years,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,0.74,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,0.63,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
lignite,CO2 intensity,0.4069,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018,,
lignite,FOM,1.31,%/year,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (39.5+91.25) USD/kW_e/a /2 / (1.09 USD/EUR) / investment cost * 100. Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
lignite,VOM,3.2612,EUR/MWh_e,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (3+5.5)USD/MWh_e/2 / (1.09 USD/EUR). Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
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5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions outputs/costs_2045.csv
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Expand Up @@ -926,6 +926,11 @@ industrial heat pump medium temperature,efficiency,2.825,per unit,"Danish Energy
industrial heat pump medium temperature,investment,720.005,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment,2019.0
industrial heat pump medium temperature,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime,2019.0
iron ore DRI-ready,commodity,97.73,EUR/t,"Model assumptions from MPP Steel Transition Tool: https://missionpossiblepartnership.org/action-sectors/steel/, accessed: 2022-12-03.","DRI ready assumes 65% iron content, requiring no additional benefication.",2020.0
iron-air battery,FOM,1.1808,%/year,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,investment,10.4,EUR/kWh,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery,lifetime,17.5,years,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery charge,efficiency,0.74,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
iron-air battery discharge,efficiency,0.63,per unit,"Form Energy, FormEnergy_Europe_modeling_recommendations_2023.03.pdf, p4",,2020.0
lignite,CO2 intensity,0.4069,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018,,
lignite,FOM,1.31,%/year,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (39.5+91.25) USD/kW_e/a /2 / (1.09 USD/EUR) / investment cost * 100. Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
lignite,VOM,3.2612,EUR/MWh_e,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","Calculated based on average of listed range, i.e. (3+5.5)USD/MWh_e/2 / (1.09 USD/EUR). Note: Assume same costs as for hard coal, as cost structure is apparently comparable, see https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=6093e88b63f93&location=browse and https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ae17da3d-e8a5-4163-a3ec-2e6fb0b5677d/Projected-Costs-of-Generating-Electricity-2020.pdf . ",2023.0
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