Number(undefined)Answer
NaN
Number(" 123 ")
Number("12 3")Answer
123, NaN (only whitespace from the start and end are removed)
Boolean(" ")
Boolean("0")Answer
true, true
Only values that are intuitively “empty”, like 0, "", null, undefined, and NaN, become false.
typeof nullAnswer
object
That’s an officially recognized error in typeof behavior, coming from the early days of JavaScript and kept for compatibility.
Definitely, null is not an object. It is a special value with a separate type of its own.
2 ** 2Answer
2² = 4
2 + 2 + '1'
'1' + 2 + 2Answer
4 + '1' >> '41'
'12' + 2 >> '122'
+true
+""
+"2" + +"3"Answer
1, 0, 5
The plus + exists in two forms: the binary and the unary form.
The unary plus doesn’t do anything to numbers. But if the operand is not a number, the unary plus converts it into a number.
let a = 1;
let b = 2;
let c = 3 - (a = b + 1);
// Good to understand how it works. Please don’t write the code like that. Answer
0
All operators in JavaScript return a value. That’s obvious for + and -, but also true for =
The call x = value writes the value into x and then returns it.
let a = (1 + 2, 3 + 4);Answer
a = 7
The comma operator allows us to evaluate several expressions, dividing them with a comma ,. Each of them is evaluated but only the result of the last one is returned.
Why do we need an operator that throws away everything except the last expression?
Sometimes, people use it in more complex constructs to put several actions in one line.
For example:
// three operations in one line
for (a = 1, b = 3, c = a * b; a < 10; a++) {
...
}
// doesn't improve code readability so we should think well before using this.let y = "5";
let x = y++; // number or string 5?Answer
number 5
JavaScript first coerces the string to a number then assigns the value to the variable x and then increments the value.
let a = NaN;
let b = NaN;
a === b;
a == b;Answer
false, false
NaN is the only value in JavaScript that is not equal to itself. So we can check for a NaN value by checking if the value is equal to itself. According to IEEE standard NaN is not equal to NaN.
isNaN("this is a string not a NaN value");
Number.isNaN("this is a string not a NaN value");Answer
true, false
isNaN tries to coerce the value into a Number before checking if it's a NaN value. This issue has been fixed in Number.isNaN().
let negativeZero = -0;
negativeZero.toString();
negativeZero === 0;
negativeZero < 0;
negativeZero > 0;
Object.is(negativeZero, -0)
Object.is(negativeZero, 0)Answer
"0", true, false, false
When we try to use these operations we get some unexpected behaviour because language developers decided negative zero isn't needed.
true, false This was fixed in Object.is() method.
Use case of -0: To show direction when something is stationary
let string = 'orange';
function changeToApple(string) {
string = 'apple';
}
changeToApple(string);
console.log(string); // ??Answer
orange
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
console.log(1);
setTimeout(() => {
console.log("timerStart");
resolve("success");
console.log("timerEnd");
}, 0);
console.log(2);
});
promise.then(console.log);
console.log(3);Answer
1 2 3 timerStart timerEnd success
let fruit = prompt("Which fruit to buy?", "apple");
let bag = {
[fruit]: 5,
};Answer
That’s called computed properties. The name of the property is taken from the variable fruit.
let obj = {
for: 1,
let: 2,
return: 3
};
console.log( obj.for + obj.let + obj.return );Answer
It will print 6. There are no limitations on property names. They can be any strings or symbols. Other types are automatically converted to strings.
let obj = {
test: undefined
};
if(obj.test){
console.log("hi);
}Answer
It won't log hi because the property exists but the value is undefined. So we can use the `in` operator to check if a property is defined of not.
if("test" in obj){ // returns true console.log("hi"); }
let codes = {
"49": "Germany",
"41": "Switzerland",
"44": "Great Britain",
// ..,
"1": "USA"
};
for (let code in codes) {
console.log(code);
}Answer
1, 41, 44, 49 integer properties are sorted (UTF-16 code units order), others appear in creation order.
let a = {};
let b = a;
log( a == b );
log( a === b );Answer
true, true Both refer to the same object.
function User(name) {
this.name = name;
this.isAdmin = false;
}
let user = new User("Jack");Answer
The value of this is returned implicitly.
function User() {
if(new.target){
console.log("Hi");
}
}
User();
new User(); Answer
1. undefined, 2. Hi Inside a function, we can check whether it was called with new or without it, using a special new.target property.
function BigUser() {
this.name = "John";
return { name: "Godzilla" };
}
function SmallUser() {
this.name = "John";
return "Rick";
}
console.log( new BigUser().name );
console.log( new SmallUser().name );Answer
- Godzilla, 2. Johm`
If return is called with an object, then the object is returned instead of this If return is called with a primitive, it’s ignored.
function User(){
this.name = "Admin"
}
let user = new User;Answer
We can omit parentheses after new, if it has no arguments. Omitting parentheses here is not considered a “good style”, but the syntax is permitted by specification.
let ladder = {
step: 0,
up() {
this.step++;
},
down() {
this.step--;
},
showStep: function() {
alert( this.step );
}
};
// ladder.up().up().down().showStep(); // 1Answer
We can return `this` in every method ```javascript let ladder = { step: 0, up() { this.step++; return this; }, down() { this.step--; return this; }, showStep() { alert( this.step ); return this; } };```
function A() { ... }
function B() { ... }
let a = new A;
let b = new B;
alert( a == b ); // trueAnswer
Yes, it’s possible.
If a function returns an object then new returns it instead of this.
So they can, for instance, return the same externally defined object obj
let obj = {};
function A() { return obj; }
function B() { return obj; }
alert( new A() == new B() ); // truelet user = {
address: null
};
log( user?.name?.first );
log( user?.address?.street )Answer
1. undefined 2. undefined
The optional chaining ?. stops the evaluation if the value before ?. is undefined or null and returns undefined
log(user?.address);
let userAdmin = {
admin() {
alert("I am admin");
}
};
let userGuest = {};
log(userAdmin.admin?.());
log(userGuest.admin?.());Answer
1. ReferenceError: user is not defined. If there’s no variable user at all, then user?.anything triggers an error
- I am admin 3. nothing happens
The optional chaining ?. is not an operator, but a special syntax construct, that also works with functions and square brackets. ?.(), ?.[]
delete user?.name;
user?.name = "John";Answer
1. valid 2. invalid
We can use ?. for safe reading and deleting, but not writing
let numbers = {
0: 0
}
numbers.1 = 1;Answer
the first part is valid the number 0 will automatically be converted to string. By specification, object property keys may be either of string type, or of symbol type.
the numbers.1 = 1; is invalid
let numbers = {
0: 0
}
log(numbers."0");
log(numbers[0]);Answer
1. error 2. returns 0
alert( 1 || 0 );
alert( null || 1 );
alert( null || 0 || 1 );
alert( undefined || null || 0 )Answer
1, 1, 1, 0
|| returns the first truthy value (without any conversion) or the last one if no truthy value is found
alert( 1 && 0 );
alert( 1 && 5 );
alert( null && 5 );
alert( 0 && "no matter what" );Answer
0, 5, null, 0
AND returns the first falsy value(without any conversion) or the last value if none were found
alert( !!"non-empty string" );
alert( !!null );Answer
true, false
double NOT !! is sometimes used for converting a value to boolean type. The first NOT converts the value to boolean and returns the inverse, and the second NOT inverses it again. In the end, we have a plain value-to-boolean conversion.
NaN ** 0Answer
1
let n = 2;
n *= 3 + 5Answer
16