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CentOS 7 YUM 仓库源研究

一.背景说明

CentOS做为国内服务器生产环境使用的较多，但系统默认自带官方安装源，管理员在安装软件包时有可能下载慢，为了解决此类问题，现总结了两种解决办法，一是利用FastestMirror插件自动选择最快的镜像，另一种是手动更换国内镜像源。手动更换国内镜像源使用现已整合好的Base和EPEL的阿里源，清华源，科大源，下载Base和EPEL的源文件后，即可连接以上国内服务器下载安装软件包。本文的目的在于研究学习 YUM 仓库源的相关过程。

二.FastestMirror插件自动选择

FastestMirror插件自动选择是利用安装【yum-plugin-fastestmirror】插件后，插件根据仓库源文件里指定的URL，自动获取仓库镜像列表，并测试连接速度，分析下载最快的镜像仓库，最终在安装软件包时使用这个最快的镜像地址去下载软件包。 此插件的好处是可以实现自动化管理镜像仓库地址，但有时候选择的地址好慢，需要手动调整相关参数以选取更好的镜像仓库

启动容器

# 启动一个CentOS7容器，不污染外部环境
docker run -it centos:7 bash

安装Base源

如果默认官方源可用则不用安装 如果默认官方源修改了或删除了，想重新安装官方源，执行以下命令

rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*
rpm -Uvh --force http://mirror.centos.org/centos-7/7/os/x86_64/Packages/centos-release-7-6.1810.2.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm

验证Base源

验证Base源的目的是看【 mirrorlist 】或【 baseurl 】配置是否正确，本方案的目的是利用FastestMirror插件根据 mirrorlist 自动下载镜像仓库地址，所以 mirrorlist 值一定要正确，并注释 baseurl 以便于 YUM 工具不使用 baseurl

[root@c311b111f4e9 base]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#注意这里配置了mirrorlist，注释了baseurl。手动更换源时使用baseurl，注释mirrorlist
#启用mirrorlist使系统自动去查找相应的镜像列表并记录到文件中 - [/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/mirrorlist.txt]
#并测试得出最服务器的连接速度，并记录到文件中 - [/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/timedhosts.txt]
#在后继的软件包安装时，取最快的服务器地址进行连接下载

#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#获取 mirrorlist 中变量值，便于用于curl ${mirrorlist}中的queryString中
[root@bac7ada9ecaf tools]# python -c 'import yum, pprint; yb = yum.YumBase(); pprint.pprint(yb.conf.yumvar, width=1)'
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, ovl
{'arch': 'ia32e',
 'basearch': 'x86_64',
 'contentdir': 'centos',
 'infra': 'container',
 'releasever': '7',
 'uuid': '758bc17d-260a-48a7-91d0-9473454c5985'}

#根据上面的变量值，组装 mirrorlist url 并发起查询请求
#mirrorlist url来自base.repo中的mirrorlist配置项
#mirrorlist url中的查询变量值来自上面结果
[root@bac7ada9ecaf tools]# curl "http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=7&arch=x86_64&repo=os&infra=container"
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirror.jdcloud.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://ap.stykers.moe/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.nwsuaf.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.cn99.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
# 从以上结果可以看出，mirrorlist 指向配置服务器上一文件的 URL，其内容为 baseurl 所要的值

安装EPEL源

此处安装的是EPEL官方源

rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
yum install epel-release

验证EPEL源

[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat epel.repo
[epel]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/$basearch
metalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-7&arch=$basearch
# 注意此处使用了 metalink，而不是 mirrorlist，更不是baseurl
# metalink 的作用见后继演示
failovermethod=priority
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7

[epel-debuginfo]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Debug
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/$basearch/debug
metalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-debug-7&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
gpgcheck=1

[epel-source]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Source
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/SRPMS
metalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-source-7&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
gpgcheck=1

#测试epel.repo文件中metalink效果
[root@bac7ada9ecaf tools]# curl "https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-7&arch=x86_64"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<metalink version="3.0" xmlns="http://www.metalinker.org/" type="dynamic" pubdate="Wed, 19 Jun 2019 02:15:05 GMT" generator="mirrormanager" xmlns:mm0="http://fedorahosted.org/mirrormanager">
  <files>
    <file name="repomd.xml">
      <mm0:timestamp>1560797592</mm0:timestamp>
      <size>5478</size>
      <verification>
        <hash type="md5">04c28b064e80175c259cadaa02a6d083</hash>
        <hash type="sha1">981c1da0e8b95c67b55f7e85c3cf67623620a350</hash>
        <hash type="sha256">7ad05ccec07c038ea07eaa839517b4d55d2f0d8a74d7e4d57b4c01011a4e9875</hash>
        <hash type="sha512">dcc1cd328e695931da1620f86675497c29917eec04e88eff730ab713d1f0a254c8d56b013e5fcbb99d4f67eaa28530d6dcac7b41cd3b3d72988aca044c196652</hash>
      </verification>
      <mm0:alternates>
        <mm0:alternate>
            <mm0:timestamp>1560644323</mm0:timestamp>
            <size>5476</size>
            <verification>
              <hash type="md5">7443fd012729e5552a088fdb6ba248ac</hash>
              <hash type="sha1">931911c3f0d6b4ed54eb852e6cd0063f281961c8</hash>
              <hash type="sha256">e7b6113a3e425d9468dea6602a3a8baeed39fc3e9ee5fca7e7e047d099160ed3</hash>
              <hash type="sha512">0fbffc1735f31274e8cfacece1ed36528a8f84b5805d0674014b696134c2048d3cb4880ed96b8b9adaaadd78d598505761c410f98b094c3c1fdfbd03c1b99f8a</hash>
            </verification>
        </mm0:alternate>
      </mm0:alternates>
      <resources maxconnections="1">
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="100" >http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="CN" preference="100" >rsync://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="https" type="https" location="CN" preference="100" >https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="CN" preference="99" >rsync://mirrors.yun-idc.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="99" >http://mirrors.yun-idc.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="98" >http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="97" >http://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="https" type="https" location="CN" preference="97" >https://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="https" type="https" location="CN" preference="96" >https://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="96" >http://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="JP" preference="95" >rsync://ftp.riken.jp/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="JP" preference="95" >http://ftp.riken.jp/Linux/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="JP" preference="94" >rsync://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/Fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="JP" preference="94" >http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/Fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="TH" preference="93" >rsync://mirrors.nipa.cloud/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="TH" preference="93" >http://mirrors.nipa.cloud/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="IN" preference="92" >http://repos.del.extreme-ix.org/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="IN" preference="92" >rsync://repos.del.extreme-ix.org/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="PH" preference="91" >http://mirror.pregi.net/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="https" type="https" location="PH" preference="91" >https://mirror.pregi.net/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="https" type="https" location="JP" preference="90" >https://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/linux/fedora-projects/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="JP" preference="90" >rsync://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/linux/fedora-projects/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="JP" preference="90" >http://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/linux/fedora-projects/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="BD" preference="89" >http://mirror.xeonbd.com/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="TH" preference="88" >rsync://mirror1.ku.ac.th/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="TH" preference="88" >http://mirror1.ku.ac.th/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="KZ" preference="87" >rsync://mirror.ps.kz/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="KZ" preference="87" >http://mirror.ps.kz/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="https" type="https" location="KZ" preference="87" >https://mirror.ps.kz/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="MY" preference="86" >http://my.fedora.ipserverone.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="MY" preference="86" >rsync://my.fedora.ipserverone.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="ID" preference="85" >rsync://kartolo.sby.datautama.net.id/EPEL/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="ID" preference="85" >http://kartolo.sby.datautama.net.id/EPEL/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="SG" preference="84" >http://sg.fedora.ipserverone.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="VN" preference="83" >http://mirror.horizon.vn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="TW" preference="82" >rsync://fedora.cs.nctu.edu.tw/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="TW" preference="82" >http://fedora.cs.nctu.edu.tw/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="SG" preference="81" >http://download.nus.edu.sg/mirror/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="SG" preference="81" >rsync://download.nus.edu.sg/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="https" type="https" location="SG" preference="81" >https://download.nus.edu.sg/mirror/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="KZ" preference="80" >rsync://mirror.hoster.kz/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="https" type="https" location="KZ" preference="80" >https://mirror.hoster.kz/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="KZ" preference="80" >http://mirror.hoster.kz/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="IQ" preference="79" >http://epel.scopesky.iq/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="TW" preference="78" >http://mirror01.idc.hinet.net/EPEL/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
        <url protocol="http" type="http" location="VN" preference="77" >http://mirror.ehost.vn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url>
      </resources>
    </file>
  </files>
</metalink>
#从结果上来看，metalink类似于mirrorlist效果，但返回结果比 mirrorlist 更丰富，带更多控制参数

安装FastestMirror插件

FastestMirror插件用于自动选择速度最快的仓库镜像下载软件包 CentOS7 Docker镜像默认已安装此插件，如果没有请安装 关于此插件安装请参考-[https://wiki.centos.org/PackageManagement/Yum/FastestMirror]

yum install yum-plugin-fastestmirror

配置FastestMirror插件

关于此插件配置请参考-[https://wiki.centos.org/PackageManagement/Yum/FastestMirror]

# 打开FastestMirror插件的调试开关
sed -i 's/verbose=0/verbose=1/g' /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/fastestmirror.conf

# 查看并确认相关配置信息
cat /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/fastestmirror.conf
[main]
enabled=1  #启用此插件
verbose=1  #打开调试开关，输出镜像连接测试过程
always_print_best_host = true
socket_timeout=3
#  Relative paths are relative to the cachedir (and so works for users as well
# as root).
hostfilepath=timedhosts.txt #镜像测试速度记录文件
maxhostfileage=10
maxthreads=15
#exclude=.gov, facebook #不包括哪些网址，因考考虑到类gov镜像下载慢
#include_only=.nl,.de,.uk,.ie

打开YUM缓存

打开YUM缓存后，在使用YUM命令时会把相关的软件包存放在以下路径，目的是为了后继查看软件包究竟从哪下载，还可用于验证 yum clean all 时是否清理这些软件包

# 【/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever/base/packages】
# 如：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/logrotate-3.8.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm
# 如：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/epel/packages/redis-3.2.12-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
sed -i 's/keepcache=0/keepcache=1/g' /etc/yum.conf

安装软件包

为了测试前面镜像仓库源配置是否正确，能否正确安装软件，此例安装 mysql 安装 mysql 时系统要下载安装Base和EPEL两个仓库中的软件包和依赖，正好测试两个仓库源的配置是否正确

yum install mysql

查看镜像仓库列表

【 mirrorlist.txt 】文件里存放的是 FastestMirror 插件根据 .repo 文件中 mirrorlist 参数指定的URL下载元数据解析并得到可用的镜像仓库URL，为后继的速度测试和选出最快的镜像下载做准备

[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/mirrorlist.txt
http://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://ap.stykers.moe/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://centos.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirror.jdcloud.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/

此处【 mirrorlist.txt 】中的内容应该对应【curl "http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=7&arch=x86_64&repo=os&infra=container"】和【curl "https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-7&arch=x86_64"】的返回值之和

查看镜像仓库连接速度

【 timedhosts.txt 】是 FastestMirror 插件根据 【mirrorlist.txt】里的URL挨个测试连接速度，再在此文件中记录每个URL的连接速度值，以便于安装软件包时挑选最快的镜像仓库做参考

[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/timedhosts.txt
ap.stykers.moe 0.0704910755157
mirror.bit.edu.cn 0.0865077972412
mirrors.njupt.edu.cn 0.114202976227
centos.ustc.edu.cn 0.0678670406342
mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn 0.108617067337
mirrors.huaweicloud.com 0.0630021095276
ftp.sjtu.edu.cn 0.119927883148
mirrors.cqu.edu.cn 0.101330041885
mirror.lzu.edu.cn 0.140116930008
mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn 0.115367889404
mirror.jdcloud.com 0.0815250873566
mirrors.163.com 0.0608839988708
mirrors.aliyun.com 0.0417621135712

验证

查看已安装的软件包真实的下载地址，对比【镜像仓库连接速度表】，试问 YUM 是挑选最快的镜像仓库地址去下载的吗？

#查找所有 YUM 安装过的软件包的下载地址，便于清楚的了解到一个软件包究竟从哪个URL下载，便于问题排查，此种方法仅限于CentOS7及以下版本
[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# find / -name origin_url | xargs -I{} sh -c "cat {}; echo ''"
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/groff-base-1.22.2-8.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/extras/x86_64/Packages/epel-release-7-11.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-podlators-2.5.1-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Time-Local-1.2300-2.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Socket-2.010-4.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Carp-1.26-244.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Filter-1.49-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Getopt-Long-2.40-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Scalar-List-Utils-1.27-248.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-File-Temp-0.23.01-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Encode-2.51-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-constant-1.27-2.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Time-HiRes-1.9725-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Exporter-5.68-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-PathTools-3.40-5.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-HTTP-Tiny-0.033-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-threads-shared-1.43-6.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-parent-0.225-244.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Text-ParseWords-3.29-4.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-threads-1.87-4.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Escapes-1.04-294.el7_6.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Usage-1.63-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-macros-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Storable-2.45-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Perldoc-3.20-4.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Simple-3.28-4.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-File-Path-2.09-2.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-libs-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/mariadb-libs-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/mariadb-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64.rpm

从以上结果可以看出

  • 各镜像下载次数对比 aliyun：20/31，163：7/31，tsinghua：4/31
  • 此例多处使用阿里云镜像仓库下载【 mirrors.aliyun.com 】，对比镜像仓库连接速度表 【 timedhosts.txt 】得知，【 mirrors.aliyun.com 0.0417621135712 】是最快的选择

三.手动配置镜像仓库地址

手动配置是指在仓库源文件中指定固定的仓库路径，YUM安装工具根据源文件中的路径直接去下载软件包，如果baseurl中配置有多个镜像地址，则会挑选最快的镜像仓库下载。 此种方法不同于FastestMirror插件（镜像仓库地址由mirrorlist指定的服务器统一维护），镜像仓库地址需要用户自行维护。

启动容器

# 启动一个CentOS7容器，不污染外部环境
docker run -it centos:7 bash

安装Base源

安装Base源为从网上下载相应的仓库源文件，或自行编辑现有的仓库源文件。此处给出的实例是基于本人修改合并了阿里源，清华源，科大源的统一中国源

#如果有官方源或是其它Base源，请先删除，再安装，不能同一种源有多个仓库源文件并且仓库名称还相同
rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/xxx*
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/leo18945/yum.repos.d/master/centos7-base-all.repo -o /etc/yum.repos.d/centos7-base-all.repo

验证Base源

[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/centos7-base-all.repo
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
# 注意，此处启用了baseurl，即镜像仓库地址列表，而不是mirrorlist
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
            https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
            https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
            https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
            https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
            https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
            https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
            https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
            https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#contrib - packages by Centos Users
[contrib]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Contrib - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d] #

安装EPEL源

安装EPEL源为从网上下载相应的仓库源文件，或自行编辑现有的仓库源文件。此处给出的实例是基于本人修改合并了阿里源，清华源，科大源的统一中国源

#如果有官方源或是其它EPEL源，请先删除，再安装，不能同一种源有多个仓库源文件并且仓库名称还相同
rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/xxx*
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/leo18945/yum.repos.d/master/centos7-epel-all.repo -o /etc/yum.repos.d/centos7-epel-all.repo

验证EPEL源

[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/centos7-epel-all.repo
[epel]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch
# 注意，此处启用了baseurl，即镜像仓库地址列表，而不是metalink
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/$basearch
            https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/$basearch
            https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/epel/7/$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7

[epel-debuginfo]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Debug
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/$basearch/debug
            https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/$basearch/debug
            https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/epel/7/$basearch/debug
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
gpgcheck=0

[epel-source]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Source
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/SRPMS
            https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/SRPMS
            https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/epel/7/SRPMS
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
gpgcheck=0
[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]#

打开YUM缓存

打开YUM缓存后，在使用YUM命令时会把相关的软件包存放在以下路径，目的是为了后继查看软件包究竟从哪下载，还可用于验证 yum clean all 时是否清理这些软件包

# 【/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever/base/packages】
# 如：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/logrotate-3.8.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm
# 如：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/epel/packages/redis-3.2.12-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
sed -i 's/keepcache=0/keepcache=1/g' /etc/yum.conf

安装软件包

为了测试前面镜像仓库源配置是否正确，能否正确安装软件，此例安装 mysql 安装 mysql 时系统要下载安装Base和EPEL两个仓库中的软件包和依赖，正好测试两个仓库源的配置是否正确

yum install mysql

查看镜像仓库列表

【 mirrorlist.txt 】文件里存放的是 FastestMirror 插件根据 .repo 文件中 mirrorlist 参数指定的URL下载元数据解析并得到可用的镜像仓库URL，为后继的速度测试和选出最快的镜像下载做准备

[root@bac7ada9ecaf yum.repos.d]# cat /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/mirrorlist.txt
cat: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/mirrorlist.txt: No such file or directory

由于仓库源文件【.repo】中没有配置mirrorlist，所以镜你仓库列表文件不存在，即没有使用这一功能

查看镜像仓库连接速度

【 timedhosts.txt 】是 FastestMirror 插件根据 【.repo】里的 baseurl 挨个测试连接速度，再在此文件中记录每个URL的连接速度值，以便于安装软件包时挑选最快的镜像仓库做参考

[root@bac7ada9ecaf 7]# cat /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/timedhosts.txt
mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn 0.0670750141144
mirrors.aliyun.com 0.0400879383087
mirrors.ustc.edu.cn 0.0682208538055

验证

查看已安装的软件包真实的下载地址，对比【镜像仓库连接速度表】，试问 YUM 是挑选最快的镜像仓库地址去下载的吗？

#查找所有 YUM 安装过的软件包的下载地址，便于清楚的了解到一个软件包究竟从哪个URL下载，便于问题排查，此种方法仅限于CentOS7及以下版本
[root@bac7ada9ecaf 7]# find / -name origin_url | xargs -I{} sh -c "cat {}; echo ''"
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/groff-base-1.22.2-8.el7.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-podlators-2.5.1-3.el7.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Time-Local-1.2300-2.el7.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Socket-2.010-4.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Carp-1.26-244.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Filter-1.49-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Getopt-Long-2.40-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Scalar-List-Utils-1.27-248.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-File-Temp-0.23.01-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Encode-2.51-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-constant-1.27-2.el7.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Time-HiRes-1.9725-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Exporter-5.68-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-PathTools-3.40-5.el7.x86_64.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-HTTP-Tiny-0.033-3.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-threads-shared-1.43-6.el7.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-parent-0.225-244.el7.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Text-ParseWords-3.29-4.el7.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-threads-1.87-4.el7.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Escapes-1.04-294.el7_6.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Usage-1.63-3.el7.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-macros-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Storable-2.45-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Perldoc-3.20-4.el7.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Simple-3.28-4.el7.noarch.rpm
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-File-Path-2.09-2.el7.noarch.rpm
https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-libs-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/mariadb-libs-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64.rpm
https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/mariadb-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64.rpm
  • 从以上结果可以看出，下载所使用的 url 都是 baseurl 中指定的并没有超出指定范围，也没有自行去其它地方查询获取更多的镜像仓库列表。
  • 且多个 url 交替使用，并不存在更偏向于使用哪个最快的，因为指定的是 baseurl，所以系统认为 baseurl 中的服务器都是平等一样的，如果有多个交替使用下载就行啦。

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centos yum repository config file

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