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NROM template

This is a minimal working program for the Nintendo Entertainment System using the NROM-128 board.

Concepts illustrated:

• init code
• setting up a static background
• structure of a game loop
• DPCM-safe controller reading
• 8.8 fixed-point arithmetic
• acceleration-based character movement physics
• sprite drawing and animation, with horizontal flipping
• makefile-controlled conversion of sprite sheets

Setting up the build environment

You'll need the following software installed to build this demo:

• ca65 and ld65, the assembly language tools that ship with the cc65 C compiler
• Python, a programming language interpreter
• Pillow (Python Imaging Library), a Python extension to read and write bitmap images
• GNU Make, a program to calculate which files need to be rebuilt when other files change
• GNU Coreutils, a set of simple command-line utilities for file management and text processing

It also requires general familiarity with the command prompt. You are encouraged to read and understand the articles on general computer science topics listed at Before the basics.

On Linux

To install Make, Python 3, and Pillow under Ubuntu:

1. Open a terminal.

2. Type the following, followed by the Enter key:

    sudo apt-get install build-essential python3-pil
   

3. Type your password to authorize the installation.

To install Make, Python 3, and Pillow under Fedora: (instructions suggested by jroatch; not tested)

1. Open a terminal and use su to become root.

2. Type the following, followed by the Enter key:

    yum install make automake gcc gcc-c++ python3 python3-pillow
   

Because cc65 is a fairly niche tool, and because the C compiler portion (which this demo does not use) used to have non-free restrictions on distribution, your Linux distribution's default repository is unlikely to provide cc65. This means you will probably need to install it from source code.

1. Visit cc65 on GitHub.

2. Click Download ZIP

3. Unzip into a new folder.

4. In a terminal issue the following commands (suggested by jroatch):

    cd [path to where you unzipped cc65]
    make
    make install PREFIX="$HOME/.local"
   

   There's no ./configure step, and the PREFIX is case sensitive.

5. Insert the following in your .bash_profile or .bashrc file, to automatically add the local executables to your PATH the next time you log in.

    if [ -d "$HOME/.local/bin" ] ; then
        PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH"
    fi
   

On Windows

PATH is an environment variable that tells the command prompt which folders to look in when you type a program name. The convention on UNIX is to install all programs to a handful of folders. On Windows, it's more common to install programs in each package to a separate folder and then add each folder to Path for Windows to find it. Because the steps for setting Path differ between Windows versions, you'll want to search the web for windows x.x path variable, replacing x.x with 7, 8.1, 10, etc.

In particular, Windows 10 makes adding folders to Path more convenient than previous Windows versions. Follow Architect Ryan's guide with one change: Add the path to the user variables, not the system variables. (User variables take effect after you restart the Command Prompt or Git Bash. System variables take effect after you restart Windows.)

The MSYS project ports Make, Coreutils, Bash, and other key parts of the GNU operating environment to Windows. Git for Windows includes Bash and Coreutils. To add Make, follow evanwill's instructions to download the latest Make without Guile from ezwinports and merge it into C:\Program Files\Git\mingw64. This method adds to Path a folder called bin directly inside your user profile folder, such as C:\Users\Pino\bin, so you can put things like ca65.exe there.

Another way to install MSYS is through the automated installer provided by devkitPro. This method may be more convenient if you also develop for Game Boy Advance or Nintendo DS.

1. Visit devkitPro Getting Started.
2. Follow the instructions there to download and run the devkitPro Automated Installer.
3. Uncheck devkitARM, devkitPPC, devkitPSP, and libraries for newer platforms (libnds, etc.) unless you plan to start developing for one of those soon. Leave Minimal System (MSYS) checked.

To install Python under Windows:

1. Visit Python home page.
2. Under Downloads, click Windows.
3. Scroll down to Python 3.8.2 - 2020-02-24 (or whatever the latest 3.x release is), then under that, click Windows x86-64 executable installer. (If you use 32-bit Windows, use the Windows x86 executable installer instead.)
4. In your web browser's downloads folder, run the downloaded installer, whose name should resemble python-3.8.2-amd64.exe.
5. Follow the prompts through the installer wizard.

Python's installer also puts py.exe into Path for you.

To install Pillow under Windows, open a Command Prompt and enter the following command:

py -m pip install Pillow

To install cc65 under Windows:

1. Visit cc65 introduction.
2. Scroll to the bottom.
3. Click "Windows Snapshot" to download a zip file.
4. Open the zip file.
5. Inside the zip file, open the bin folder.
6. Drag ca65.exe and ld65.exe into a new folder.

To make ca65 and ld65 available to Make, you'll need to add the folder containing ca65.exe and ld65.exe to Path or put them in a folder already on Path.

Then open the makefile in a text editor and change EMU to the path of whatever NES emulator you have installed.

To get make dist to build a zipfile, you'll need to install the Zip and UnZip command-line tools published by Info-ZIP. Be careful, as unz600xn.exe is a self-extracting archive that extracts multiple files to the current directory, like a tarbomb, so run it in a new folder and then copy zip.exe and unzip.exe to a folder on Path.

Organization of the program

Include files

• nes.inc: Register definitions and useful macros
• global.inc: Global variable and function declarations

Source code files

• nrom.s: iNES header for NROM
• init.s: PPU and CPU I/O initialization code
• main.s: Main program
• bg.s: Background graphics setup
• player.s: Player sprite graphics setup and movement
• pads.s: Read the controllers in a DPCM-safe manner
• ppuclear.s: Useful subroutines for interacting with the NES PPU

Each source code file is made up of subroutines that start with .proc and end with .endproc. See the ca65 Users Guide for what these mean.

The tools

In my projects, the tools folder contains command-line programs written in Python to convert graphics into a form usable by the NES. The makefile contains instructions to run the converter program again whenever the original asset data changes.

• pilbmp2nes.py converts indexed bitmap images in PNG or BMP format into tile data usable by several classic video game consoles. It has several options to control the data format; use pilbmp2nes.py --help from the command prompt to see them all.

Greets

• NESdev Wiki and forum contributors
• FCEUX team
• Joe Parsell (Memblers) for getting me into NESdev in the first place
• Jeremy Chadwick (koitsu) for more code organization tips
• Greg Caldwell of Retrotainment Games for testing the Windows instructions

Legal

The demo is distributed under the following license, based on the GNU All-Permissive License:

Copyright 2011-2016 Damian Yerrick

Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved in all source code copies. This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.