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pbft-java

A Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) emulator built in Java.

Implementation

For the most part, the implementation of the PBFT protocol attempts to follow the original document as closely as possible. However, there are many places where I am simply too stupid to comprehend what is going on in the protocol, and there may be a few deviations from the standard.

In the default implementations, clients are allowed to send asynchronous requests. Clients implement a ticketing system whereby requests are assigned a ticket and placed into an internal table, which will allow lookups based on the timestamp of the original request. Because requests may be sent quickly, timestamps begin at 0 and count up instead of using the system clock for simplicity. Clients check on the reply status of a ticket in an infinite loop, as long as timeouts continue to occur, clients will continue to multicast the same request to all replicas. Clients accept a quorum of f + 1 replies, and future replies from the remaining nodes are ignored.

In the default implementations, replicas are allowed to handle asynchronous requests. The message logging style also uses a ticketing system, whereby operations that are pending are identified by view number and the assigned sequence number. Tickets are phased rather than the entire replica. All messages received as well as sent are added to the respective ticket. Replicas check for prepared state as well as committed-local state each time a phase-pertinent message is sent (PRE-PREPARE, PREPARE, or COMMIT), and thus these messages are allowed to arrive out-of-order. Replicas execute all requested operations synchronously. Replicas are allowed to send a PREPARE or COMMIT message only once to cut down on traffic. Cryptography, such as digesting, MACs, and message signing are not specified, and implementors are allowed to not verify those if desired. Replicas become prepared as soon as the 2fth matching PREPARE message arrives, and become committed-local as soon as the 2f + 1th matching COMMIT arrives. Because these conditions only occur once, future phase messages are ignored if the condition they are changing are already true.

Building

git clone https://github.com/AgentTroll/pbft-java.git
cd pbft-java
mvn clean install

Usage

The majority of response logic has been implemented by the Default* implementation modules. This means that given input, the default implementations handles the response to those inputs. The user does need to implement a few components in order to correctly use the provided implementations.

Sample implementations for the required components can be found the pbft-java-example module.

Clients

  • Clients need to implement their own ClientEncoder to transform the messages into a transmissible format
    • Encoders handle message signing and MACs
  • Clients also need to implement the ClientTransport in order for the Client to send messages
  • Clients need to implement their own incoming message handlers that both decode the message and decide which hooks to call - the required hook is Client#recvReply(...)
  • Client users should call Client#checkTimeout(...) in a loop after sending requests in order to ensure liveness
  • Operations implemented by the client should implement equals and hashCode

Replicas

  • Replicas need to implement their own ReplicaEncoder to transform the messages into a transmissible format
    • Encoders handle message signing and MACs
    • The default implementation requires that full messages and checkpoints are encoded for those messages pertaining to view changes, but this can be changed if the user wishes to accommodate for additional messages to retrieve missing information
  • Replicas need to implement ReplicaTransport in order for the Replica to send messages
  • Replicas need to implement their own incoming message handlers that both decode and decide which hooks to call - the required hooks are:
    • #recvRequest(...)
    • #recvPrePrepare(...)
    • #recvPrepare(...)
    • #recvCommit(...)
    • #recvCheckpoint(...)
    • #recvViewChange(...)
    • #recvNewView(...)
  • Replicas need to implement their own Digesters if needed
  • Replicas need to call #checkTimeout(...) in a loop to ensure that client timeouts cause view changes as needed

Demo

A primitive implementation of the PBFT protocol using Redis to communicate between replicas using JSON serialization to demonstrate addition operations sent to the replica state machines and retrieve a result even with 1 faulty node. The source for the implementation can be found in the pbft-java-example module.

Here is the output:

Client SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 1: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 2: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 3: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 1: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 2: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 3: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"NEW-VIEW","new-view-number":1,"view-change-proofs":[{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}],"prepared-proofs":[]}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"NEW-VIEW","new-view-number":1,"view-change-proofs":[{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}],"prepared-proofs":[]}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"NEW-VIEW","new-view-number":1,"view-change-proofs":[{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}],"prepared-proofs":[]}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"NEW-VIEW","new-view-number":1,"view-change-proofs":[{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}],"prepared-proofs":[]}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"NEW-VIEW","new-view-number":1,"view-change-proofs":[{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":2},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":3},{"type":"VIEW-CHANGE","new-view-number":1,"last-seq-number":0,"checkpoint-proofs":[],"prepared-proofs":[],"replica-id":1}],"prepared-proofs":[]}
Client SEND -> 0: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 1: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 2: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Client SEND -> 3: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"REQUEST","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"PRE-PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","operation":{"first":1,"second":1},"timestamp":0,"client":"client-0"}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":1,"result":2}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":1,"result":2}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":2,"result":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":1,"result":2}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":3,"result":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"PREPARE","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 0: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 2: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> 1: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> 3: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 1 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":2,"result":2}
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":1,"result":2}
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":3,"result":2}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":1,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
==========================
==========================
1 + 1 = 2
==========================
==========================
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":2,"result":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":1}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica 2 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":3}
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":2,"result":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"CHECKPOINT","last-seq-number":0,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica 3 RECV: {"type":"COMMIT","view-number":1,"seq-number":2,"digest":"","replica-id":2}
Replica SEND -> client-0: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":3,"result":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":1,"result":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":3,"result":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":1,"result":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":3,"result":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":2,"result":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":2,"result":2}
Client client-0 RECV: {"type":"REPLY","view-number":1,"timestamp":0,"client-id":"client-0","replica-id":3,"result":2}

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